Glossary / G

Psychology terms starting with G

727 terms with short definitions. Study these as flashcards

gabbreviation: Shows the overall mental ability that different thinking tasks tend to share.
G proteinnoun: A guanine nucleotide-binding protein acts as a molecular switch, relaying signals inside cells, including signals triggered by neurotransmitters.
G statisticnoun: This statistical measure helps assess whether high or low values cluster together across geographic locations.
G-LOCabbreviation: Strong acceleration can briefly interrupt awareness by leaving the brain without enough blood flow, sometimes before warning signs appear.
G-protection devicenoun: Equipment such as an inflatable flight suit helps maintain brain blood flow during strong acceleration, reducing the chance of fainting.
G-spotabbreviation: The Graefenberg spot is a proposed sensitive region along the vagina’s front wall that some people associate with sexual pleasure.
G-tolerance limitsnoun: A person’s limits describe how much acceleration force they can withstand before losing consciousness as blood shifts toward their feet.
GAabbreviation: Gamblers Anonymous is a peer support organization using twelve steps to help people recover from compulsive gambling.
GABAabbreviation: The brain's main calming neurotransmitter slows nerve activity and reduces firing between neurons.
GABA agonistnoun: A substance activates receptors for gamma-aminobutyric acid, or more broadly increases this chemical messenger’s usually inhibitory effects.
GABA antagonistnoun: A substance blocks or reduces signaling by gamma-aminobutyric acid, a chemical messenger that usually limits nerve cell activity.
GABAA receptornoun: A receptor activated by gamma-aminobutyric acid opens an ion channel that carries chloride and usually quickly reduces nerve cell excitability.
GABAB receptornoun: A receptor activated by gamma-aminobutyric acid uses G proteins to produce slower, longer-lasting reductions in nerve cell activity.
gabapentinnoun: This medicine treats certain seizures and nerve pain by acting on a helper component of calcium channels in nerve cells.
GADabbreviation: A disorder marked by excessive, hard-to-control worry about many parts of daily life.
GAF Scaleabbreviation: An older clinical scale assigned scores from 1–100 to summarize mental health and functioning in relationships and work.
GAIabbreviation: An IQ score that estimates reasoning ability while giving less weight to working memory and processing speed.
Gaia hypothesisnoun: This hypothesis proposes that living organisms and Earth’s physical surroundings interact as a system that helps regulate planetary conditions.
gain framingnoun: A message emphasizes the benefits of taking an action to influence how people judge that choice.
gain scorenoun: A person's gain score is the amount their score changes from an earlier test to a later one.
gain–loss theorynoun: This theory proposes that changes in someone’s approval influence our attraction to them more strongly than steady approval or disapproval.
gainsharingnoun: Employees receive shared bonuses when their team or organization improves performance, such as by increasing productivity or reducing costs.
gaitnoun: A person's usual way of walking, often checked for brain or nerve problems.
gait apraxianoun: A person has difficulty organizing the movements needed for walking, without paralysis or sensory loss explaining the problem.
galactopoiesisnoun: The body maintains milk production and secretion after lactation has begun, supported by hormones and regular milk removal.
galactorrheanoun: Milk-like nipple discharge occurs outside expected nursing circumstances, sometimes because of hormonal changes or certain psychiatric medicines.
galactosemianoun: An inherited disorder prevents proper breakdown of galactose sugar, allowing harmful buildup that can affect physical and intellectual development.
galaninnoun: A small protein messenger in the nervous system is involved in appetite, nerve development, and responses to nerve injury.
galantaminenoun: A medicine for mild to moderate Alzheimer's that boosts the brain chemical acetylcholine and can briefly slow decline.
Galton barnoun: This instrument measures the smallest difference in line lengths or distances that a person can visually detect.
Galton’s questionarynoun: Galton’s historical survey asked 200 prominent British male scientists about their backgrounds, physical characteristics, and reasons for pursuing science.
galvanic skin response (GSR)noun: Sweat gland activity changes how easily electricity passes through skin, providing a measure of bodily arousal.
galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS)noun: A procedure applies electrical currents near the ears to influence nerves involved in balance and body position.
galvanotropismnoun: An organism turns or aligns toward electrical stimulation without necessarily moving from its location.
GAMabbreviation: A generalized additive model predicts an outcome by adding separate, potentially curved relationships between predictors and that outcome.
gambler’s fallacyphrase: Believing random events will even out, so past outcomes change the next independent outcome.
Gamblers Anonymous (GA)noun: A peer support organization uses a twelve-step approach to help people recover from gambling problems.
gambling disorderphrase: A pattern of repeated gambling that a person cannot control and that causes serious problems or distress.
gamenoun: A rule-based social interaction in which each person's choices affect everyone else's outcome.
game reasoningnoun: People judge acceptable behavior in sports using moral standards that may be more permissive than their everyday standards.
game theorynoun: A mathematical approach examines choices when each person's outcome depends partly on what other people decide.
gametenoun: A reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm, carries one chromosome set and can join another during fertilization.
gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)noun: A fertility procedure places eggs and sperm into a fallopian tube so fertilization can happen inside the body.
gametogenesisnoun: Specialized starting cells develop into eggs or sperm, usually through cell division that halves the chromosome count.
gammanoun: How far a stimulus is above or below the point where a person can just notice it.
gamma alcoholismnoun: Jellinek’s historical classification grouped bodily and psychological alcohol dependence with rising tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, and inability to control drinking.
gamma coherencenoun: Groups of brain cells coordinate their fast gamma rhythms while maintaining a small timing offset.
gamma distributionnoun: A continuous probability distribution describes positive values using shape and scale settings, often to model waiting times.
gamma motor neuronnoun: A nerve cell activates fibers inside muscle spindles, adjusting how sensitively these sensors detect muscle stretching.
gamma movementnoun: An object seems to expand when suddenly appearing and shrink when disappearing, although its actual size stays unchanged.
gamma synchronynoun: Groups of brain cells coordinate fast gamma rhythms, a pattern studied for its possible role in linking mental processes.
gamma wavenoun: A fast, small brain electrical rhythm is associated with mental activities including learning and perception.
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)noun: A brain chemical that slows nerve activity and helps prevent too much firing.
gamma-aminobutyric acid agonistnoun: A substance activates receptors for GABA, a chemical messenger that usually reduces nerve cell activity, or strengthens GABA's effects.
gamma-aminobutyric acid antagonistnoun: A substance blocks or weakens GABA's effects, reducing this chemical messenger's usual ability to quiet nerve cell activity.
gamma-cystathionase deficiencynoun: An inherited shortage of the enzyme cystathionase disrupts amino acid processing and can increase cystathionine in urine.
gamma-endorphinnoun: A peptide belonging to the endorphin family forms when the body breaks down the larger peptide beta-endorphin.
gamma-hydroxybutyratenoun: A substance also called GHB slows central nervous system activity and can produce sleepiness, euphoria, or unconsciousness.
gamonomanianoun: An older label described a desire to marry considered unusually intense or difficult to resist.
gangnoun: A closely connected social group shares interests and expectations about behavior, sometimes including activities that violate social rules.
ganglionnoun: A cluster of neuron cell bodies outside the brain and spinal cord.
ganglion cellnoun: A retinal nerve cell gathers visual information and sends signals toward the brain through the optic nerve.
ganglionic blocking agentnoun: A drug blocks acetylcholine signals at nerve relay points controlling automatic body functions, such as blood pressure regulation.
ganglionic layernoun: The fifth layer of the neocortex contains large pyramidal neurons that send signals to other nervous system regions.
gangliosidenoun: A fatlike molecule carrying sugars forms part of cell membranes and is especially abundant in nervous tissue.
gangliosidosisnoun: A group of inherited conditions causes ganglioside fats to build up in cells, often damaging nervous system function.
ganjanoun: A name for cannabis commonly describes a preparation made using dried flowers from female plants.
Ganser syndromenoun: A rare, debated syndrome involves near-correct but wrong answers to simple questions, sometimes alongside confusion or altered awareness.
Ganzfeldnoun: A uniform visual field provides even light without distinct shapes, edges, or other clear visual features.
gap detectionnoun: A listener notices a brief silent break within a sound that otherwise continues steadily.
gap junctionnoun: Protein channels connect neighboring cells directly, letting small substances and electrical signals pass between their interiors.
garbage in, garbage out (GIGO)phrase: An analysis cannot reliably produce meaningful conclusions when the information supplied to it is poor.
Garcia effectnoun: A learned dislike of a taste develops after it becomes associated with illness, sometimes after just one experience.
garden-path sentencenoun: A sentence initially suggests the wrong grammatical structure, forcing readers or listeners to revise their interpretation when later words appear.
Gardner–Diamond syndromenoun: A rare condition involves recurring painful bruises, sometimes following emotional stress, although its cause remains uncertain.
gargoylismnoun: An outdated, disrespectful label described certain facial features associated with Hurler syndrome, including a broad nose and thickened lips.
GASabbreviation: A three-stage body response to long-term stress: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
gas chromatographynoun: A laboratory method separates vaporized mixture components as gas carries them through a column at different speeds.
gaslightverb: To manipulate someone so they begin questioning their own memories, perceptions, or understanding of what happened.
gasoline intoxicationnoun: Breathing gasoline fumes can disrupt brain function, causing effects such as euphoria, confusion, weakness, and slowed nervous system activity.
gastric motilitynoun: Stomach muscles contract and relax to mix and move contents, with activity also influenced by stress.
gastric neuropathynoun: Damage to nerves controlling the stomach, often from diabetes, can delay stomach emptying and make nutrient absorption unpredictable.
gastrinnoun: A digestive hormone made mainly by stomach cells stimulates the stomach to release acid.
gastro- (gastr-)prefix: A word part placed before other elements indicates a connection with the stomach.
gastrocolic reflexnoun: Eating, or sometimes anticipating food, automatically increases contractions in the colon to help move its contents.
gastroduodenal ulcerationnoun: Sores develop in the stomach or upper small intestine when digestive acid and enzymes overcome the lining's protection.
gastroenteritisnoun: The inner surfaces of both stomach and bowel become inflamed, often causing loose stools, vomiting, and belly pain.
gastrointestinal motilitynoun: Automatic muscle contractions mix food and move digestive contents through the stomach and intestines.
gastrointestinal problemsphrase: Health problems caused by the stomach and intestines not working normally, such as diarrhea or ulcers.
gastrulanoun: An embryo at this early stage has organized cells into layers that will develop into different tissues and organs.
gastrulationnoun: During early development, embryonic cells rearrange into layers that establish the body's basic organization.
gatenoun: A body switch or pathway that lets certain signals or substances pass and blocks others.
gate-control theorynoun: This theory proposes that spinal nerve circuits regulate incoming pain signals, influenced by other sensations and signals from the brain.
gated channelnoun: A passage through a cell's outer membrane opens or closes to control which ions or molecules cross.
gatekeepernoun: A main doctor who must approve a patient's access to other health services or specialists.
gatekeeper rolenoun: Judges carry this responsibility when deciding whether expert testimony meets reliability requirements for use in court.
gateway drugnoun: A substance receives this label when its use is proposed to encourage later use of more dangerous drugs.
gatingnoun: The brain automatically blocks some sights or sounds from awareness while you focus on other incoming information.
gating mechanismphrase: A spinal control system opens or shuts pain signals before they reach the brain.
Gauss–Markov theoremnoun: Under specified conditions, ordinary least squares estimates have the smallest variance among linear unbiased estimates of regression coefficients.
Gaussian distributionnoun: A symmetric, bell-shaped probability pattern places most values near its average and progressively fewer farther away.
Gaussian noisenoun: Random fluctuations have this name when their values follow a normal, bell-shaped probability distribution.
gayadjective: Describes someone attracted romantically or sexually to people of their own gender, especially a man attracted to men.
gay bashingnoun: Verbal abuse or physical attacks target people because they are gay or are perceived as gay.
gay liberationnoun: This movement challenges unfair treatment of LGBTQ+ people and seeks equal freedoms, opportunities, and social respect.
gay marriagenoun: This marriage unites partners whose sex is the same, with legal recognition depending on where they live.
gay-related immune deficiencynoun: An inaccurate early name for AIDS wrongly suggested that the illness affected only gay and bisexual men.
gazenoun: Where someone keeps their eyes helps show what they are attending to or looking at.
gaze palsynoun: Disrupted brain control prevents coordinated eye movement in certain directions, even though the eye muscles can still contract.
GBMIabbreviation: This criminal verdict acknowledges mental illness while still finding the defendant legally guilty of the offense.
GCSabbreviation: A quick scale for rating consciousness after brain injury by eye, speech, and movement responses.
GDSabbreviation: Depending on context, these initials mean Geriatric Depression Scale, Global Deterioration Scale, or Gordon Diagnostic System.
GDSSabbreviation: These group decision support systems use technology to help teams exchange suggestions, assess choices, and reduce decision errors.
Gegenhaltennoun: A person's limbs automatically resist movement attempted by someone else, without the person deliberately opposing it.
Geisteswissenschaftliche Psychologienoun: This historical German approach understood psychology through human meaning, culture, history, morality, and lived experience.
gel electrophoresisnoun: Scientists use an electric field to move molecules through gel, separating them according to size or electrical charge.
gelasmusnoun: Sudden, involuntary bursts of laughter can occur as a symptom of certain psychological or neurological conditions.
gematrianoun: A numerological practice assigns numbers to letters and interprets totals as revealing hidden meanings, often in Hebrew religious texts.
Gemeinschaftnoun: A community or social group is held together by close personal ties, shared experiences, and common values.
Gemeinschaftsgefühlnoun: In Adler's psychology, this community feeling combines belonging, equality, and concern for other people's welfare.
gemellologynoun: Researchers in this field investigate twins, including their development and how twin pregnancies arise.
gendernoun: A person's socially shaped identity, roles, and expression related to being male, female, both, neither, or another gender.
gender assignmentnoun: An infant receives a sex classification, usually at birth, based primarily on observed physical characteristics.
gender biasnoun: Unfair assumptions or treatment of people based on whether they are seen as male, female, or another gender.
gender codingnoun: People associate particular traits, activities, or objects mainly or exclusively with certain genders.
gender conceptnoun: A person's understanding of gender includes cultural categories, expected roles, and how they see themselves within those ideas.
gender consistencynoun: A child understands that changes in clothing, activities, or situations do not by themselves change someone's gender.
gender constancyphrase: A child's growing understanding that being male or female stays the same over time and situations.
gender differencesphrase: Common ways boys, girls, and other genders differ within a culture because of social expectations and daily experiences.
gender discriminationnoun: People receive unfair treatment or unequal opportunities because of their gender.
gender dysphoriaphrase: Clinically important distress caused by a mismatch between someone's gender identity and sex assigned at birth.
gender expressionphrase: The outward ways someone shows their gender, through clothes, voice, actions, and appearance.
gender fluidadjective: Describing someone whose experienced gender can shift over time, this identity does not stay within one fixed gender.
gender identificationnoun: A person recognizes their own gender and may take up roles or values they associate with it.
gender identityphrase: A person's inner sense of being male, female, both, neither, or another gender.
gender identity discordancenoun: A person experiences a lasting, meaningful difference between their gender identity and the sex classification given at birth.
gender identity disordernoun: A historical diagnosis classified gender incongruence involving substantial distress or difficulty functioning; gender dysphoria later replaced it.
gender nonconformingadjective: Describes someone whose gender identity or outward style goes beyond usual male or female expectations.
gender normativitynoun: Social expectations treat certain gender identities, expressions, and behaviors as naturally correct, often assuming only male and female categories.
gender pay gapnoun: A statistical difference in earnings between gender groups is often expressed as a percentage of one group's earnings.
gender psychologynoun: This field studies how gender and cultural ideas about it relate to thoughts, behavior, relationships, and well-being.
gender reassignmentnoun: This process involves physical changes that help someone's body or appearance express their own sense of gender.
gender researchphrase: Studying how gender, sexuality, and related social expectations shape people's experiences, behavior, and group differences.
gender rolephrase: Culturally expected behaviors, traits, and attitudes linked to being male, female, or another gender.
gender schemanoun: An organized set of ideas about gender guides what someone notices, remembers, and expects from people.
gender scriptnoun: A mental sequence of expected actions connects an everyday situation with culturally learned ideas about gender.
gender similarities hypothesisnoun: This proposal holds that psychological differences between males and females are generally small across most measured characteristics.
gender stabilityphrase: Understanding that a person's gender stays the same over time.
gender stereotypenoun: A rigid, oversimplified belief assigns expected traits, attitudes, or behaviors to people because of their gender.
gender typingnoun: People develop expectations about behavior based on gender, or learn to accept those expectations as their own.
gender-affirming carenoun: Individualized support helps people live in alignment with their gender through social, psychological, medical, or other services.
gender-affirming hormone therapynoun: Clinicians supervise hormone treatment that helps a person's physical characteristics better reflect their gender identity.
gender-affirming surgeryphrase: Surgery that changes body features to better match a person's gender identity.
gender-role socializationnoun: People learn a culture's expectations for gender-related behavior through family, peers, media, and other social influences.
genenoun: A piece of DNA that carries instructions for traits and can be passed from parents to children.
gene cloningnoun: Researchers make many copies of a selected DNA segment, often by placing it inside cells that reproduce it.
gene expressionphrase: The process by which a gene is turned on to make proteins that affect traits and behavior.
gene imprintingnoun: A gene's activity differs according to which parent passed it on.
gene knockdownnoun: Researchers reduce a selected gene's activity or output while leaving the gene itself present.
gene knockoutnoun: Researchers remove or disable a selected gene to investigate what changes when its normal function is absent.
gene linkagenoun: Genes occupying neighboring positions along one chromosome often travel together across generations because DNA exchanges are less likely to separate them.
gene mappingnoun: Researchers locate genes and genetic markers and show how they are arranged along chromosomes.
gene mosaicismnoun: One individual has genetically different groups of cells that all developed from the same fertilized egg.
gene mutationphrase: A permanent change in a gene's DNA sequence that can alter traits or body functioning.
gene poolnoun: All genes and their different versions within a population at a particular time make up its shared genetic collection.
gene splicingnoun: Scientists join a piece of DNA to another DNA molecule to create a new genetic combination.
gene therapyphrase: Adding healthy DNA to body cells to fix faulty genes that cause disease.
gene–environment interactionnoun: The influence of a genetic difference depends on environmental conditions, or environmental effects depend on genetic differences.
gene–gene interactionnoun: The effect of one gene on a characteristic depends on other genes.
genealogynoun: People study family ancestry by tracing relatives and connections across generations.
generanoun: Biologists use these classification groups to organize related species within larger groups called families.
general abilityphrase: An overall mental skill thought to support doing many different kinds of thinking tasks well.
general ability testsnoun: These assessments estimate broad thinking ability, often through tasks involving abstract patterns and relationships.
general adaptation syndrome (GAS)phrase: Describes the body's three-stage response to ongoing severe stress: alarm, resistance, and eventual exhaustion.
general aptitudenoun: Overall natural ability to learn and do well across many different kinds of tasks.
general arousalphrase: Overall level of alertness and energy available for behavior.
general behavior theorynoun: This approach explains how behavior develops and continues through learning involving environmental events, responses, and consequences.
general drivenoun: A broad motivational state encourages activities such as achievement without directly regulating bodily needs required for individual survival.
general effectnoun: An overall research finding describes how phenomena relate across the observations being studied.
general extrasensory perception (GESP)noun: Parapsychologists use this label for a claimed paranormal result whose supposed method of receiving information cannot be distinguished.
general factornoun: A proposed shared mental ability, represented by g, helps explain why performances on different thinking tests tend to correlate.
general genetic law of cultural developmentnoun: Vygotsky proposed that children's higher mental abilities develop first through interactions with others and later become internal ways of thinking.
General Health Questionnaire (GHQ)noun: This questionnaire screens for recent psychological distress and possible mental health difficulties in community and general healthcare settings.
general knowledge testphrase: Measures implicit memory by asking factual questions and seeing whether studied items help people answer more correctly without trying to remember.
general language disabilitynoun: Significant difficulties affect several areas of understanding or using language, rather than one narrow language skill.
general linear model (GLM)noun: This statistical framework predicts a numerical outcome using a weighted sum of predictors and an error component.
general medical conditionnoun: Older psychiatric manuals used this label for physical illnesses considered alongside, or as possible causes of, mental health symptoms.
General Neuropsychological Deficit Scalenoun: A score summarizing performance across Halstead–Reitan tasks indicates the extent of difficulties in brain functioning, with higher values suggesting greater impairment.
general neurotic syndromenoun: A proposed diagnostic grouping combines anxiety, depression, and persistent personality difficulties within a broader pattern.
general paresisnoun: Advanced syphilis infection affecting the brain can cause progressive decline in memory, judgment, behavior, and physical functioning.
general practitioner (GP)noun: A doctor provides first-contact, ongoing care for a broad range of physical and mental health concerns.
General Problem Solver (GPS)noun: An early computer program tackled different problems by identifying gaps between current situations and goals, then creating smaller goals.
general psychologyphrase: Covers the main ideas, methods, and topics scientists study about behavior and mental processes.
general semanticsnoun: Korzybski's historical approach sought a scientific account of how language relates to reality and shapes human understanding.
general slowingnoun: This explanation of cognitive aging proposes that slower mental processing contributes to older adults' difficulties across different thinking tasks.
general systems theoryphrase: Views families or groups as interacting parts whose patterns and roles shape the whole system.
general transfernoun: Broad skills or principles learned in one setting are applied to problems in a very different field.
generalizabilitynoun: How well findings from one group apply to other people, settings, or behaviors.
generalizability theoryphrase: A method for checking score reliability by testing how items, raters, and settings add measurement error.
generalizationnoun: Using a few examples or experiences to form a broader rule that is applied to similar cases.
generalization gradientnoun: A graph shows how a learned response changes as new stimuli become less similar to the original training stimulus.
generalized additive model (GAM)noun: This statistical model adds flexible, potentially curved predictor effects to describe an outcome through a linking function.
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)phrase: Ongoing, hard-to-control worry about many parts of life, with tension or sleep and focus problems for months.
generalized imitationnoun: After being rewarded for copying actions, a person may copy unfamiliar actions without separate training for each one.
generalized least squares regressionnoun: This regression method accounts for prediction errors that have unequal variances or are correlated with each other.
generalized linear model (GLM)noun: This statistical framework links an outcome's expected value to weighted predictors while allowing different outcome distributions, including counts and categories.
generalized matching lawnoun: This formula relates relative choice rates to relative reinforcement rates while allowing for preference bias and differing sensitivity to reinforcement.
generalized motor programnoun: A proposed stored movement pattern can produce related actions by adjusting settings such as speed or size.
generalized othernoun: In symbolic interactionism, people understand shared community viewpoints and expectations as a collective perspective that can guide their behavior.
generalized seizurenoun: Abnormal electrical activity rapidly engages networks on both sides of the brain from the seizure's onset.
generalizing assimilationnoun: In Piaget's theory, infants apply an existing reflex pattern to an increasingly varied range of objects.
generate–recognize modelnoun: This memory model proposes that recall involves producing possible answers and then recognizing which answer fits the memory sought.
generationnoun: A group of family members who are the same number of steps from a shared ancestor.
generation effectnoun: People often remember information better when they produce it themselves than when they simply read or receive it.
generation gapnoun: Younger and older generations may differ in their beliefs, priorities, tastes, and ways of behaving.
generative grammarnoun: This linguistic approach explains how a limited collection of rules can account for endlessly many grammatically acceptable sentences.
generativity versus stagnationnoun: Erikson's seventh developmental stage proposes a midlife challenge between contributing to future generations and becoming absorbed in one's own concerns.
generator potentialnoun: Sensory stimulation produces a graded electrical change in a receptor that can lead to nerve impulses.
generic knowledgenoun: Stored understanding of facts, concepts, and word meanings does not depend on recalling a particular learning experience.
generic namenoun: A medicine's standard nonbrand name identifies its active substance across products sold by different manufacturers.
generositynoun: Willingness to freely share help, time, or resources with others who need them.
geneticadjective: Connected to genes, the inherited instructions that help shape traits and body development.
genetic algorithmnoun: A computing method searches for solutions by repeatedly selecting promising candidates, combining their features, and introducing variations.
genetic clocknoun: Shortening telomeres, the protective chromosome ends, can limit how often a cell divides, acting as a cellular countdown.
genetic codephrase: The set of DNA instructions that tells cells which proteins to build from base-letter patterns.
genetic counselingphrase: Helps people planning a baby understand inherited disease risks, testing choices, and possible next steps.
genetic defectnoun: A change in a gene or chromosome can disrupt biological functioning, including the production or activity of proteins.
genetic determinismphrase: Belief that genes mostly or completely control behavior and thinking, leaving little room for environment.
genetic disorderphrase: A condition caused by a changed gene or chromosome, which are pieces of inherited body instructions.
genetic engineeringnoun: Scientists deliberately change genetic material in cells or viruses by editing existing DNA or introducing new DNA.
genetic epistemologynoun: Piaget's approach investigates how knowledge develops, using theory and experiments to study changes in children's understanding.
genetic errornoun: A change within a gene disrupts its instructions, potentially affecting how cells make proteins or process nutrients.
genetic guidancenoun: A trained professional helps people understand inherited health risks, genetic testing, and related personal or family decisions.
Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA)noun: A 2008 United States federal law limits genetic discrimination in health insurance and employment.
genetic linguisticsnoun: This approach groups languages by their historical ancestry and traces them to shared earlier languages.
genetic linkagenoun: Genes close together on the same chromosome tend to pass together from parents to offspring.
genetic mapnoun: A diagram shows the relative arrangement of genes or DNA markers along chromosomes, often using patterns of inheritance.
genetic markernoun: An identifiable stretch of DNA serves as a landmark for following inheritance and locating nearby genes.
genetic methodnoun: This approach explains psychological processes through inherited influences and developmental history, giving genes an important explanatory role.
genetic monogamynoun: A mating pattern involves two partners reproducing exclusively with each other during the period being considered.
genetic mutationphrase: A lasting change in DNA, the body's instruction code, that can affect development or health.
genetic predispositionphrase: An inherited higher chance of developing a trait or disorder, shaped by many genes and life experiences.
genetic programmingnoun: A computing method develops programs by repeatedly selecting successful code and combining or changing it to produce new versions.
genetic programming theorynoun: These theories propose that aging follows a developmental schedule built into an organism's genes.
genetic psychologynoun: An older name for developmental psychology describes the study of how mental abilities emerge and change throughout life.
genetic sequencenoun: The precise ordering of chemical bases in DNA or RNA carries biological information.
genetic testingphrase: Checking a person's genes to find inherited conditions or risks before making pregnancy or health decisions.
genetic theorynoun: This view explains behavior by considering inherited influences and the history of an individual's development.
genetic underclassnoun: This social label describes people disadvantaged by discrimination after genetic tests suggest increased susceptibility to disease.
genetic variantnoun: An identifiable DNA difference at a specific location distinguishes a sequence from a reference sequence.
genetic variationnoun: Differences in genetic makeup among members of a population can produce differences in their characteristics.
geneticistnoun: A specialist studies genes, inheritance, and related biological differences, sometimes applying that knowledge in health care.
geneticsnoun: The study of how traits are passed from parents to children through genes.
genetics of intelligencenoun: This research area examines how genetic differences contribute to differences in intellectual abilities alongside environmental influences.
genetotrophic diseasenoun: An inherited condition prevents enzymes from properly processing nutrients needed for the body's metabolism.
geniculate nucleusnoun: One of four thalamic cell clusters relays signals for vision or hearing to the brain's outer layer.
genisteinnoun: A substance in soy and other legumes has estrogenlike activity and is studied for possible effects on memory and health.
genitaladjective: Connected to the body's sex organs, such as the penis, vulva, and testes.
genital arousal in sleepnoun: Automatic genital changes during REM sleep can include penile erection, clitoral swelling, and vaginal lubrication.
genital characternoun: Freud's tradition proposed an adult personality marked by sexual maturity, intimacy, and concern for both partners' satisfaction.
genital disordernoun: A health condition affects the reproductive organs, potentially arising from birth differences, infection, or injury.
genital herpesnoun: A lasting infection caused by herpes simplex virus affects the genital region and may produce recurring sores.
genital lovenoun: Freud's theory proposed a mature form of sexual love toward another person, developing during the genital stage.
genital mutilationnoun: The external genitals are deliberately damaged, removed, or permanently altered, often for cultural reasons rather than medical treatment.
genital personalitynoun: Historical psychoanalysis proposed an ideal adult personality combining mature sexuality with intimacy and mutual care between partners.
genital stagenoun: Freud proposed a final developmental phase beginning around puberty, when sexual interest shifts toward partners and earlier conflicts are resolved.
genital stimulationphrase: Touching the sex organs to create sexual pleasure and bodily arousal.
genital zonenoun: The external genitals and nearby sensitive areas can produce sexual sensations when stimulated.
genitalianoun: A person's sex organs, both outside and inside the body, used for reproduction and sexual function.
genitalitynoun: The ability to feel sexual sensations in the genital organs develops across childhood and adulthood.
genitivenoun: A grammatical case marks possession or a related connection, as in the English phrase Maya's bicycle.
genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorderphrase: Marked pain, fear, muscle tightening, or trouble with vaginal penetration during sex causes distress or problems.
genitofemoral nervenoun: A nerve supplies sensation to parts of the groin and upper thigh and controls the muscle that raises a testicle.
geniusnoun: Exceptionally high intellectual or creative ability may describe an achievement, a capacity, or a person possessing it.
genocidenoun: Acts are committed with the intent to destroy a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group, entirely or partly.
genocopynoun: A genetic makeup at one chromosome location produces nearly the same observable trait as a makeup at another location.
genogramnoun: A family tree drawing that also shows important relationships and patterns like illness, conflict, and death.
genomenoun: An organism's or cell's entire collection of genetic material includes genes and the sequences between them.
genomicsnoun: Researchers study whole genomes, including how genes function together and interact with environmental conditions.
genotypenoun: A person's full set of genes, or genes at specific chromosome spots.
genotype–environment effectsnoun: Inherited characteristics can influence experiences through family surroundings, reactions from other people, and environments a person chooses.
genotype–phenotype correlationnoun: An observed association links particular genetic changes with expressed traits, such as a condition's severity or starting age.
gentrificationnoun: Wealthier residents and investment change a neighborhood, often improving buildings while increasing costs that can displace existing residents.
genunoun: This knee-shaped bend forms the front tip of the corpus callosum, a bundle linking the brain’s two halves.
genusnoun: A biological classification rank groups closely related species and sits below the family rank.
geocentric theorynoun: An outdated astronomical model placed Earth at the universe's center and described celestial bodies as moving around it.
Geodonnoun: This brand name identifies ziprasidone, an antipsychotic medicine used for schizophrenia and certain episodes of bipolar disorder.
geographical mobilitynoun: A person's ability or ease in moving between geographic areas depends on available opportunities and practical conditions.
geometric distributionnoun: This probability model counts failures before an initial success across independent attempts with an unchanged chance of success.
geometric illusionnoun: A pattern of lines or curves makes its size, shape, direction, or arrangement appear different from its actual geometry.
geometric meannoun: The average found by multiplying values together and taking the root for how many values there are.
geonnoun: A proposed basic three-dimensional shape serves as a building block for recognizing more complex objects.
geophagynoun: Eating soil, clay, or similar earth materials can occur as a cultural practice or alongside an eating disorder.
Georgia Centenarian Studynoun: A research project followed older adults to investigate biological, psychological, and social factors associated with living to 100.
geostatisticsnoun: Statistical methods examine how environmental measurements vary across locations and time, revealing geographic patterns and relationships.
geotaxisnoun: An organism automatically moves in response to gravity, helping establish its position or direction relative to gravitational pull.
geriatric assessmentnoun: Professionals from several fields evaluate an older adult's health, thinking, everyday abilities, and social circumstances to guide care.
Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)noun: A questionnaire uses yes or no answers to screen older adults for signs of depression.
geriatric disordernoun: A disease or lasting health condition is especially common among older adults, although younger people can also develop it.
geriatric neuropsychologynoun: This specialty assesses and addresses brain-related difficulties with thinking and memory in older adults to support everyday functioning.
geriatric psychologynoun: A psychological specialty provides services that support older adults' emotional health, daily lives, and overall well-being.
geriatric psychopharmacologynoun: This field studies how medicines affecting mood, thinking, and behavior work in older adults and how aging changes their effects.
geriatric psychotherapynoun: Talk therapy helps older adults address mental health difficulties while considering aging and experiences shared by their generation.
geriatric rehabilitationnoun: Therapies help older adults regain everyday abilities and as much independence as possible after illness or injury.
geriatric screeningnoun: An organized service checks older adults' physical and psychological needs and may provide care and financial guidance.
geriatriciannoun: A medical doctor specializes in older adults' health, considering illness, daily functioning, and the person's wider circumstances.
geriatricsnoun: A medical specialty focuses on recognizing, treating, and managing health conditions affecting older adults.
germ cellnoun: A reproductive cell develops along the pathway that produces eggs or sperm and carries genetic information to offspring.
germ layernoun: An early embryo has basic cell layers that develop into different tissues, organs, and body systems.
germ linenoun: A continuous lineage of reproductive cells carries genetic information between generations through eggs or sperm.
germ plasmnoun: A specialized part of an egg's cytoplasm helps establish cells that will later produce eggs or sperm.
germ theorynoun: The scientific explanation of infectious disease identifies microorganisms, including bacteria and viruses, as causes of infection.
German measlesnoun: An infection called rubella can cause a rash and, during pregnancy, affect the developing baby's organs and brain.
germinal stagephrase: Earliest prenatal period, lasting about two weeks, when the fertilized egg travels to the uterus and attaches.
geront- (gero-)prefix: This word part adds the meaning of older age, as in words about aging and older adults.
gerontologynoun: Researchers from many fields study aging and older adulthood, including changes in bodies, minds, relationships, and society.
gerophilianoun: A person experiences sexual attraction toward partners who are considerably older than they are.
geropsychologynoun: Psychologists in this specialty support older adults' mental health and well-being through services adapted to their needs.
Gerstmann’s syndromenoun: A usually left-parietal brain injury pattern causing trouble identifying fingers, telling right from left, writing, and doing math.
Gesamtvorstellungnoun: In Wundt's account, a speaker mentally holds a sentence's complete meaning before beginning to say its words.
Geschwind’s theorynoun: A historical hypothesis proposed that high prenatal androgen exposure slows left-brain and thymus development, linking learning difficulties with immune disorders.
Gesellschaftnoun: A social arrangement centers on formal agreements and individual benefit, with relatively impersonal ties between people.
GESPabbreviation: General extrasensory perception labels a claimed paranormal result whose supposed source cannot be distinguished as telepathy, clairvoyance, or precognition.
gestaltnoun: A whole pattern we notice whose overall meaning is different from its separate parts.
gestalt completion testnoun: A visual task asks someone to recognize whole objects from incomplete pictures, helping assess how they organize visual information.
gestalt grouping factornoun: A feature such as closeness or similarity encourages the mind to perceive separate elements as a unified pattern.
gestalt homologynoun: In Gestalt psychology, parts of different structures correspond because they occupy equivalent roles within their respective wholes.
gestalt principles of organizationnoun: Perceptual principles describe how the mind groups separate details into coherent patterns using cues such as closeness and similarity.
Gestalt psychologynoun: This psychological approach studies how experience forms organized wholes whose properties depend on relationships among their parts.
gestalt therapyphrase: A therapy that builds awareness of present feelings and relationships to support growth and change.
gestationnoun: The time when a baby grows in the uterus, or womb, before birth.
gestation periodnoun: The duration of pregnancy covers the time an offspring develops inside the uterus before birth.
gestational agenoun: Pregnancy duration is usually measured in weeks starting on the first day of the last menstrual period.
gestational diabetesphrase: High blood sugar first appearing during pregnancy, usually after midpregnancy, can affect both mother and baby.
gestational surrogatenoun: A person carries a pregnancy for intended parents after receiving an embryo created without using their own egg.
gestural communicationnoun: People convey and interpret messages through movements of their hands, face, or body rather than through speech.
gesturenoun: A body movement that sends meaning or shows feelings, often adding to spoken words.
GHabbreviation: Growth hormone is released by the front portion of the pituitary gland and supports tissue growth and energy use.
GHBabbreviation: Gamma-hydroxybutyrate is a substance that slows central nervous system activity and can cause sleepiness, memory loss, or unconsciousness.
Gheel colonynoun: A longstanding community care tradition in Gheel, Belgium, welcomes people with mental illness into local households and everyday community life.
ghostnoun: An image of a dead person that someone believes they see, usually alone and during strong stress.
ghost in the machinephrase: Gilbert Ryle's phrase criticizes the idea that a separate, nonphysical mind lives within and directs a physical body.
ghost sicknessnoun: In some Native American communities, this cultural explanation connects distress, including nightmares and anxiety, with ghosts or spiritual influences.
GHQabbreviation: The General Health Questionnaire screens for recent psychological distress and possible mental health difficulties, often in general healthcare settings.
ghrelinnoun: A hormone produced mainly in the stomach helps increase hunger and stimulates growth hormone release.
giant cell arteritisnoun: Inflammation affects larger arteries, often near the temples in older adults, and can cause headaches and vision problems.
GIFTabbreviation: An infertility procedure that places eggs and sperm into a fallopian tube so fertilization happens inside the body.
giftednessnoun: Exceptionally strong ability or potential appears in areas such as reasoning, creativity, academic learning, leadership, or specific talents.
gigantismnoun: Abnormally great body growth in childhood caused by too much growth hormone from the pituitary gland.
GIGOabbreviation: The expression garbage in, garbage out warns that unreliable input data can make even careful analysis produce unreliable results.
gigolonoun: A man receives payment from a woman for social companionship, sexual services, or both.
Gilles de la Tourette’s syndromenoun: A condition beginning before adulthood involves multiple movement tics and at least one vocal tic across more than a year.
Gillespie syndromenoun: A rare genetic condition combines partly missing irises, movement coordination difficulties, and intellectual disability.
Gindler methodnoun: A body awareness practice uses breathing, gentle contact, and changes in posture to encourage sensory awareness and personal development.
ginkgonoun: An Asian tree provides leaf extracts marketed for memory support, although evidence for these benefits is limited.
ginsengnoun: Roots from Panax plants are used as herbal supplements for energy and wellbeing, with limited evidence supporting these benefits.
girdle sensationnoun: A feeling of tightness wraps around the torso and can occur in conditions such as multiple sclerosis.
give-and-take processnoun: People adjust some personal preferences to help build and maintain satisfying relationships.
given–new distinctionnoun: Communication separates information the audience is assumed to know from information being introduced, shaping wording and emphasis.
glabrous skinnoun: Hairless skin covers areas such as your palms and soles, where it is relatively thick.
glandnoun: An organ that makes and releases body chemicals, sometimes into blood and sometimes through tiny tubes.
glans penisnoun: The rounded head of the penis forms the expanded end of the spongy tissue surrounding the urethra.
glarenoun: Strong, harsh light or reflection that makes seeing clearly harder.
Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)phrase: A scoring tool that rates eye, movement, and speech responses to judge consciousness after head injury.
Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS)noun: A five-category rating describes outcomes after traumatic brain injury, including survival, independence, and ability to resume everyday activities.
glass ceilingnoun: An unofficial workplace barrier blocks advancement to top roles, especially for women and people from marginalized groups.
Glass’s dnoun: This effect size divides the difference between group averages by the comparison group's standard deviation, a measure of score spread.
glaucomanoun: A group of eye diseases damages the optic nerve, often with increased eye pressure, and can reduce vision.
glianoun: Nervous system cells support, protect, feed, and insulate neurons while also helping regulate communication.
gliomanoun: A tumor in the brain or spinal cord develops from cells belonging to the nervous system's supporting cell families.
gliosisnoun: Glial cells change and may multiply around nervous system damage, sometimes forming scar tissue.
glittering generalitiesnoun: Vague, appealing slogans encourage approval by using positive ideas without explaining specific claims or plans.
GLMabbreviation: An abbreviation can mean general linear model or generalized linear model, two related frameworks for describing statistical relationships.
global amnesiaphrase: A rare condition causing loss of recent memories and trouble forming new ones.
global analysisnoun: Researchers examine behavior as whole patterns unfolding over time, emphasizing overall organization and context.
global aphasiaphrase: A severe language problem causes major trouble both understanding words and speaking or writing them after widespread left-brain damage.
Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF Scale)noun: A historical clinical scale rates overall mental, social, and work functioning using scores from 1 to 100.
Global Deterioration Scale (GDS)noun: A seven-stage clinical scale describes worsening thinking and everyday abilities in degenerative dementia, from no decline to very severe decline.
global intelligencenoun: Overall intellectual ability combines skills involving language with skills that do not depend on words.
global memory modelnoun: A mathematical account of memory aims to explain findings across many experimental tasks and conditions.
global neuronal workspacenoun: A proposed brain network supports consciousness when connected neurons widely share and sustain selected information across specialized systems.
global perceptionnoun: Perception focuses on the overall form or meaning of something rather than its individual details.
global workspace theorynoun: A theory proposes that information becomes conscious when specialized mental processes make it widely available to other processes.
globalizationnoun: Countries and communities become more connected as people, goods, services, money, and cultural ideas move across national borders.
globus pallidusnoun: A basal ganglia area that sends movement-control signals to the thalamus, which then influences the cortex.
globus pharyngeusnoun: A person feels a lump or something stuck in the throat even when no physical blockage is found.
glomerulusnoun: In the smell system, a small rounded cluster in the olfactory bulb gathers incoming signals from smell receptor cells.
glosso- (gloss-)prefix: A word-building element adds the meaning of tongue or speech to a longer word.
glossodynianoun: Pain affects the tongue, sometimes extending to the mouth lining, without an obvious cause on examination.
glossolalianoun: People produce speechlike sounds without recognizable word meanings, sometimes during religious experiences or trance states.
glossopharyngeal nervenoun: Cranial nerve IX carries taste signals from the tongue's rear portion and helps control swallowing.
glossosynthesisnoun: A person creates invented words that have no established meaning.
glottaladjective: Something described this way involves the voice box or the space between its vocal folds.
glottal stopnoun: A speech sound occurs when the vocal folds briefly close completely and then release airflow.
glottisnoun: The space between the vocal folds allows air to pass through the voice box.
glove anesthesianoun: A functional sensory symptom involves reduced or absent feeling across the hand and lower forearm in a glove-shaped pattern.
GLSabbreviation: Generalized least squares fits statistical relationships while accounting for errors that are correlated or have unequal variability.
glucagonnoun: A hormone made by the pancreas raises blood sugar by prompting the liver to release glucose.
glucocorticoidnoun: A steroid hormone that mainly controls how the body uses and stores sugar.
glucoreceptornoun: A glucose-responsive cell in the hypothalamus is proposed to help detect available blood sugar and inform other brain areas.
glucosenoun: The simple sugar that provides most of the brain and body's energy.
glucose transporternoun: A protein located across a cell's outer membrane helps glucose move through that barrier.
glucostatnoun: A glucose-responsive cell in the hypothalamus is proposed to monitor sugar availability and communicate that information within the brain.
glucostatic theorynoun: A theory proposes that how quickly the body uses glucose helps govern eating over short periods.
glucuronidationnoun: The body attaches glucuronic acid to drugs or other substances, usually making them easier to dissolve in water and eliminate.
glue sniffingnoun: Inhaling adhesive vapors to change mood or awareness is a form of inhalant misuse that can seriously damage health.
glutamatenoun: The brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter, a chemical messenger that makes neurons more likely to fire.
glutamate hypothesisnoun: A theory proposes that reduced glutamate signaling, especially through NMDA receptors, contributes to schizophrenia symptoms.
glutamate receptornoun: A protein on many neurons that detects glutamate and helps excite brain cells.
glutamatergicadjective: Describing neurons or brain signals that use glutamate, a brain chemical messenger.
glutamic acidnoun: An amino acid the body can make supports brain signaling and provides starting material for the neurotransmitter GABA.
glutamic acid decarboxylasenoun: An enzyme converts glutamate into GABA, a chemical messenger that usually reduces nerve cell activity.
glutamic–oxaloacetic transaminasenoun: An older name identifies aspartate aminotransferase, an enzyme whose elevated blood levels can signal liver, heart, or muscle damage.
glutethimidenoun: An older sedative outside the barbiturate family slows nervous system activity and was used for anxiety and sleeplessness.
glycemicadjective: This adjective describes something connected with the amount of glucose circulating in the blood.
glycinenoun: An amino acid carries nerve messages, usually reducing activity, while also helping activate certain glutamate receptors.
glycogennoun: A carbohydrate stores glucose in body tissues, especially liver and muscle, for later use as fuel.
glycosaminoglycannoun: A complex carbohydrate can build up in tissues when certain inherited disorders prevent its normal breakdown.
GM2 gangliosidosisnoun: An inherited disorder involves GM2 fatty substances accumulating in cells, causing progressive damage to the nervous system.
GNATabbreviation: This task probes automatic associations through keypresses for target categories paired with favorable or unfavorable attributes.
gnostic neuronnoun: A hypothetical brain cell recognizes just one complex, meaningful sight, such as a familiar face.
gnothi se autonphrase: An ancient Greek saying encourages people to understand themselves through careful reflection on their own lives.
GnRHabbreviation: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone comes from the hypothalamus and prompts the pituitary to release hormones that regulate reproductive activity.
go-aroundnoun: A group therapy technique gives each participant a turn to respond to a person, topic, or situation.
go/no-goadjective: A task requires responding to one signal and withholding that response to another, testing discrimination or response control.
Go/No-go Association Task (GNAT)noun: An attitude task compares response performance when category words share a response rule with positive words versus negative words.
goalnoun: A desired result that guides behavior, often with a clear level to reach by a deadline.
goal gradientnoun: Behavior changes in a regular pattern as a reward becomes nearer or farther away in time or space.
goal model of evaluationnoun: This approach judges how well an organization works by checking its achievements against aims or expectations it announces publicly.
goal objectnoun: Something a person seeks to obtain may serve as the final target beyond several smaller targets.
goal orientationnoun: A person tends to direct their attention, position, or actions toward reaching a target, especially a longer-term one.
goal responsenoun: The final action in a sequence aimed at a goal can involve responding to the reward itself.
goal settingphrase: Choosing clear, realistic, measurable deadlines for behavior change to guide effort and increase motivation.
goal specificitynoun: The level of detail in a goal determines how clearly its intended outcome is described.
goal stimulusphrase: In Hull's learning theory, the wanted object or outcome that pulls behavior toward it.
goal-attainment modelnoun: An evaluation approach measures how fully a particular target has been reached within a specified period.
goal-based evaluationnoun: A program is assessed by comparing its results with the aims it set out to accomplish.
goal-directed behaviorphrase: Actions aimed at reaching a specific outcome, often changing course when obstacles block the way.
goal-free evaluationnoun: An evaluator examines a program’s actual effects without first learning its stated aims, including outcomes nobody intended.
goblet figurenoun: An ambiguous picture can appear as a cup or as two faces looking toward each other.
Gödel’s proofnoun: A mathematical proof shows that consistent, effectively specified systems capable of arithmetic contain statements their own rules cannot prove or disprove.
goiternoun: The thyroid becomes larger than usual, sometimes creating a noticeable bulge at the neck’s front.
Golden Rulephrase: An ethics guideline that says treat other people the way you would want to be treated.
golden sectionnoun: A division creates two unequal parts whose smaller-to-larger ratio matches the larger-to-total ratio, a proportion studied in aesthetics.
goldensealnoun: An herb used in traditional remedies contains active chemicals that can affect the body and interact with medicines.
golemnoun: A creature in Jewish folklore is brought to life from lifeless material, usually clay, to serve its maker.
Golgi apparatusnoun: A structure inside cells alters proteins, organizes them, and packages them for delivery to their destinations.
Golgi tendon organnoun: A sensory receptor in a tendon detects muscle tension and sends information that helps the nervous system adjust muscle activity.
Golgi Type I neuronnoun: This nerve cell has an axon, its outgoing signal fiber, that reaches relatively far beyond its cell body.
Golgi Type II neuronnoun: A nerve cell has short branches that communicate within a nearby network rather than reaching distant areas.
Goltz syndromenoun: A condition present from birth affects skin development and may also involve the eyes, fingers, toes, and other structures.
Gompertz curvenoun: An uneven S-shaped mathematical curve represents growth that starts slowly, speeds up, and then gradually approaches an upper limit.
Gompertz hypothesisnoun: A proposed population pattern holds that adult death rates rise exponentially with age, roughly doubling about every eight years.
gonadnoun: An ovary or testis is a reproductive organ that produces egg cells or sperm and releases sex hormones.
gonadal dysgenesisnoun: Ovaries or testes develop incompletely or differently, which can affect hormone production, puberty, and fertility.
gonadal hormonesnoun: Chemical messengers made by ovaries or testes help regulate reproduction, sexual development, and other body functions.
gonadopausenoun: An older concept describes the ending of hormone-supported reproductive function with age and has been applied to both sexes.
gonadostat theorynoun: A proposed explanation of puberty emphasizes feedback from ovarian or testicular hormones that regulates the hypothalamus and pituitary.
gonadotropinnoun: A hormone, a body messenger, that tells the ovaries or testes to do their jobs.
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)phrase: A hormone from the hypothalamus, a brain control center, tells the pituitary to release reproductive hormones.
gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues (GnRHa)noun: Synthetic substances stimulate or block pituitary receptors for GnRH, changing signals that control sex hormone production.
goniometer (goneometer)noun: An instrument measures angles and is often used to check how far a joint can move.
gonorrheanoun: A bacterial infection usually spreads through sexual contact and can affect the genitals and other body sites.
good behavior gamenoun: A classroom intervention uses teams, clear behavior rules, and shared rewards to reduce disruptions and support participation.
good breastnoun: Klein proposed that babies form an inner image of a comforting, nourishing maternal breast before understanding their caregiver as a whole person.
good continuationnoun: People tend to see aligned visual elements as belonging to smooth, continuous paths, even where those paths cross.
good deathnoun: An end-of-life experience respects the person’s values and wishes about comfort, care, surroundings, and support.
good enough mothernoun: Winnicott proposed that responsive, imperfect caregiving supports a child’s developing self while gradually allowing manageable frustration.
good enough parentnoun: A parent provides care sufficient to support healthy development, without needing to follow one perfect approach.
good figurenoun: A Gestalt principle holds that people organize what they see into the simplest figure the available information permits.
good genes hypothesisnoun: An evolutionary hypothesis proposes that females prefer mates whose visible traits signal inherited qualities that could improve offspring survival.
good gestaltnoun: An arrangement has a clear, orderly, complete overall form, even when it is not the simplest possible arrangement.
good menoun: Sullivan proposed that children develop a comforting self-image from behaviors and wishes their parents approve of.
good objectnoun: Klein proposed that infants form an inner image of a caregiver's satisfying aspects, experienced separately from frustrating aspects.
good shapenoun: A Gestalt principle suggests that people organize what they see into forms that appear regular, unified, and stable.
good-boy-nice-girl orientationnoun: Kohlberg's third moral stage involves judging actions by whether they please others and earn approval.
good-faith bargainingnoun: Employers and recognized unions negotiate working conditions honestly, with a sincere effort to reach agreement.
Goodman–Kruskal’s gammanoun: A statistic measures association between two ordered variables by comparing similarly and oppositely ranked observation pairs, excluding tied pairs.
goodness of configurationnoun: A visual form has this quality when its parts make a simple, regular, balanced, or smoothly connected whole.
goodness of fitphrase: How closely a model's predictions match the data that researchers actually observe.
goose bumps (goose flesh; goose pimples)noun: Tiny muscles automatically lift body hairs and pucker skin in response to cold, fear, or other strong experiences.
Gordon Diagnostic System (GDS)noun: An electronic assessment uses game-like tasks to measure sustained attention and response control, helping evaluate attention difficulties.
GOSabbreviation: The Glasgow Outcome Scale rates overall recovery after traumatic brain injury, including independence and participation in everyday life.
gossipnoun: Informal talk about other people that can help groups bond and share social rules.
Gottschaldt Figures Testnoun: A visual assessment asks people to find a simple geometric shape hidden within a more complicated drawing.
government and binding theorynoun: A grammatical theory explains sentence structure through shared language principles and settings that differ across languages.
GPabbreviation: A general practitioner is a doctor who provides broad primary care for many everyday physical and mental health concerns.
GPAabbreviation: A student's average school grade after letter grades are changed into numbers and combined.
GPSabbreviation: A computer program idea for solving problems by breaking them into smaller steps and subgoals.
GPTabbreviation: The Grooved Pegboard Test measures hand dexterity and visual coordination by timing placement of ridged pegs into differently angled slots.
graafian folliclenoun: A mature, fluid-filled structure inside an ovary holds an egg cell shortly before its release during ovulation.
graceful degradationnoun: A cognitive network loses performance gradually when some units fail because processing is shared across many units.
gracile fasciculusnoun: A spinal nerve pathway carries fine touch, vibration, and body-position signals from the lower body toward the brainstem.
gracile nucleusnoun: A cluster of brainstem neurons receives lower-body sensory signals through the gracile fasciculus and relays them onward.
gracile tuberclenoun: An elongated bump on the medulla's back surface overlies the gracile nucleus, which receives sensory information from the lower body.
gradation methodnoun: A psychophysical measurement technique tracks change using small steps of equal size.
grade equivalentnoun: A test score indicates the school grade whose students typically achieve a similar result.
grade inflationnoun: Giving students higher grades than their work quality really deserves.
grade normnoun: The average score expected from students in a certain school grade on a test.
grade pointsnoun: Numerical values assigned to academic grades allow coursework results to be summarized and averaged.
grade skippingnoun: A student advances past one or more school grades to study material better matched to their learning needs.
grade-equivalent scalenoun: A scoring system expresses test performance using the school grade levels at which similar results are typical.
grade-point average (GPA)noun: A student's overall academic grade is calculated by averaging course grade points, usually weighted by course credits.
graded activationnoun: A rehabilitation approach gradually adjusts physical activity to help restore function when pain has limited movement.
graded potentialnoun: A local change in a neuron's voltage varies in size and weakens as it spreads from its starting point.
gradientnoun: A gradual change in something's amount or intensity across space, time, or another condition.
gradient of effectnoun: Reinforcement affects responses near a reinforced action in a sequence more strongly than responses farther before or after it.
gradient of reinforcementnoun: A response generally becomes stronger when reinforcement occurs soon afterward rather than after a longer delay.
gradient of texturenoun: Surface details appear smaller and more tightly packed with increasing distance, providing a visual clue to depth.
gradingnoun: The way a teacher gives a score or rank to schoolwork based on performance.
gradual withdrawalnoun: A medication dose is reduced in stages to lower the chance of unwanted effects from stopping suddenly.
Graduate Record Examinations (GRE)noun: A set of standardized tests helps graduate programs assess applicants' reasoning, writing, or knowledge of particular subjects.
graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction (GRIT)noun: A conflict-reduction strategy uses announced, small cooperative steps to invite matching responses and gradually build trust between opposing groups.
Grady Coma Scalenoun: A clinical rating system classifies impaired consciousness into five grades, ranging from confusion to coma.
Graeco-Latin square (Greco-Latin square)noun: An experimental grid pairs two symbol sets uniquely, with every symbol appearing once per row and once per column.
Graefenberg spot (Gräfenberg spot; G-spot)noun: A proposed sensitive region along the vagina's front wall produces sexual pleasure for some people when stimulated.
grammarnoun: The rule system of a language guides how words are formed and put together to mean things.
grammaticalitynoun: A sentence has this property when its structure follows the grammatical patterns of a particular language or variety.
grand mal seizurenoun: An older name describes a tonic–clonic seizure, involving loss of consciousness, muscle stiffening, and then rhythmic jerking.
grand meannoun: An overall average combines observations across groups, weighting each group's mean by its number of observations.
grandiose delusionnoun: A firmly held false belief gives someone extraordinary personal importance, power, ability, or identity despite strong contrary evidence.
grandiositynoun: An unreal, exaggerated belief that you are far more important, powerful, or talented than you are.
grandmother cellnoun: A hypothetical neuron responds only to one particular familiar person or complex object.
grandmother hypothesisnoun: An evolutionary proposal suggests that grandmothers helping grandchildren survive contributed to the evolution of longer human lifespans.
Grandry–Merkel corpusclenoun: An alternative name for Merkel's tactile disk identifies a skin receptor involved in sensing touch and sustained pressure.
Granit theory of color visionnoun: A historical theory proposed that broad-response retinal dominators and narrowly tuned modulators work together to produce color vision.
granular cortexnoun: Regions of cerebral cortex have prominent layers of small neurons, especially a thick fourth layer in primary sensory areas.
granular layernoun: Within the dentate gyrus, a densely packed band of granule cell bodies forms part of the hippocampal memory system.
granule cellnoun: A small neuron with a grainlike cell body occurs in several brain regions, including the cerebral and cerebellar cortices.
granulocytenoun: A white blood cell contains visible internal granules and belongs to the neutrophil, eosinophil, or basophil group.
grapevinenoun: Information spreads through informal personal conversations rather than through an organization's official communication routes.
graphnoun: A picture that shows how numbers are related using axes, bars, dots, or lines.
graph theorynoun: A mathematical field studies networks of points and connections, helping researchers analyze relationships among people, neurons, or other units.
graph-prefix: This word part adds a meaning connected with written marks or drawings.
graphemenoun: The smallest written language unit, such as a letter or letter pair that stands for a sound.
grapheme–color synesthesianoun: Letters or numerals automatically bring consistent color experiences, even when their printed appearance does not include those colors.
graphemic cued-recall testnoun: A memory task asks people to recall studied items using clues that look similar but have different meanings.
graphesthesianoun: A person identifies a letter or number traced onto their skin using touch alone.
graphic rating scalephrase: A line of marked levels used to judge how well someone performed or behaved.
graphical user interface (GUI)noun: A computer interface lets people choose actions through visible controls, including buttons, pictures, and menus.
graphologynoun: This approach attempts to judge personality or mental state from handwriting, although scientific support is weak.
graphomanianoun: An overwhelming urge to write becomes difficult to control and may interfere with everyday life.
graphomotor apraxianoun: A person cannot organize movements needed for writing or drawing despite being able to handle a pen normally.
graphopathologynoun: This proposed approach attempts to identify personality disorders through handwriting, but lacks strong scientific support.
graphospasmnoun: An uncommon name for writer's cramp describes involuntary muscle tightening that disrupts writing and can cause pain.
grasp reflexphrase: Touching the palm triggers automatic finger closing, normal in babies but concerning later because it can suggest frontal lobe problems.
gratificationnoun: A feeling of satisfaction after a need is met or a desire is fulfilled.
gratification of instinctsphrase: Meeting an inborn drive's need so inner tension drops and pleasure or relief follows.
gratingnoun: A visual pattern contains alternating bright and dark stripes running alongside one another, often used in perception studies.
gratitudenoun: Feeling thankful and pleased after receiving help, a gift, or a bit of good luck.
Graves’ diseasenoun: An immune system disorder overstimulates the thyroid, potentially causing nervousness, a racing heartbeat, neck swelling, and eye changes.
graviceptornoun: A sensory receptor detects forces or body position, helping the brain judge balance and orientation relative to gravity.
gravidanoun: A pregnant person may receive this medical label, followed by a number indicating how many pregnancies they have had.
graviditynoun: The state of being pregnant involves carrying an embryo or fetus as it develops.
gravity-induced loss of consciousness (G-LOC)noun: Strong acceleration forces can temporarily make someone unconscious by reducing blood supply to the brain.
graynoun: A colorless shade with no hue that can range anywhere from black to white.
gray commissurenoun: A bridge of gray nervous tissue surrounds the spinal cord's central canal and joins its left and right halves.
gray literaturenoun: Research materials circulate outside standard journal or book publishing, including theses, conference papers, and reports.
gray matterphrase: Brain and spinal cord tissue made mostly of neuron cell bodies, with little myelin, forms darker-looking areas.
gray ramusnoun: A short nerve connection carries sympathetic signals from a nerve cell cluster to a nearby spinal nerve.
grayoutnoun: Reduced blood supply to the head causes vision to dim and narrow, sometimes during strong acceleration.
GREabbreviation: A standardized exam often used to help decide who gets into graduate school.
great chain of beingnoun: A historical philosophical view arranged all existence in a hierarchy from God down through living things to nonliving matter.
great commissurenoun: In human brains, this name identifies the corpus callosum, the largest nerve fiber bridge between the cerebral hemispheres.
great imitatornoun: An informal nickname describes a disease whose varied symptoms resemble other conditions, making diagnosis difficult.
great man theorynoun: An older explanation of history credits major changes to extraordinary leaders, usually men, believed to possess special qualities from birth.
greater superficial petrosal nerve (GSP nerve)noun: A branch of the facial nerve carries taste signals from the soft palate and signals involved in gland secretion.
Greco-Latin squarenoun: An experimental grid pairs two symbol sets so each symbol occurs once per row and column, with no repeated pair.
Greek crossnoun: An equal-armed plus shape is copied to assess drawing skills and check for possible neglect of one side of space.
green brandnoun: A product or product line is designed to reduce environmental impact and appeal to consumers concerned about the environment.
greeting behaviornoun: An infant responds to a caregiver's arrival with signs of attachment, becoming clearly noticeable around six months.
gregariousnessnoun: Enjoying other people's company and seeking group activities for comfort, friendship, and connection.
grid cellnoun: A neuron becomes active at multiple locations arranged in a repeating hexagonal pattern, helping the brain represent space.
grid organizational development (grid OD)noun: A six-phase workplace improvement program uses the Blake–Mouton grid to strengthen managers' attention to both employees and work results.
griefnoun: Deep emotional pain after a major loss, often a loved one's death, that can affect thoughts, body, and behavior.
grief counselingphrase: Helping people after a loved one's death with emotional support and practical guidance so daily life works again.
grief cycle modelnoun: A proposed framework describes denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance as possible responses to dying or major loss.
grief work (griefwork)noun: A theoretical process describes adapting after someone's death by reshaping emotional connections while continuing one's own life.
grievancenoun: An employee formally reports perceived unfair treatment through workplace procedures or a union agreement.
Griggs v. Duke Power Co.phrase: A Supreme Court case saying hiring tests can be illegal if they unfairly block protected groups, even without bias.
Grip Strength Testnoun: An assessment measures how strongly someone squeezes a device called a dynamometer, sometimes as part of a neuropsychological evaluation.
grisi siknisnoun: A culturally recognized distress pattern reported in Nicaragua involves sudden agitation or running, followed by exhaustion and memory gaps.
GRITabbreviation: This conflict reduction strategy uses announced, small cooperative actions to encourage opposing groups to respond with cooperation.
Grit Scalenoun: A questionnaire asks people about their lasting interests and persistence when working toward goals that take considerable time.
groomingnoun: Routine care keeps a person's body and appearance clean and tended, including washing, brushing hair, and caring for teeth.
Grooved Pegboard Test (GPT)noun: A timed assessment measures hand movement control and visual coordination by having each hand fit ridged pegs into differently angled slots.
gross motoradjective: Describes movements using large muscle groups, such as running, climbing, or maintaining an upright posture.
groundnoun: The plain, less noticeable background behind whatever your attention picks out.
ground bundlenoun: A short pathway of nerve fibers links nearby or different levels within the spinal cord.
ground rulesphrase: The basic therapy agreement covering fees, session schedule, meeting place, and privacy limits.
grounded theoryphrase: A way to build explanations from interviews, observations, and other open-ended data gathered in real settings.
groupnoun: Two or more connected people who affect one another and usually share goals, roles, and rules.
group abilitiesnoun: Mental abilities shared across related intelligence tasks help explain why individuals perform differently on particular sets of tests.
group acceptancenoun: The extent to which existing members welcome someone influences that person's entry, standing, and role within the group.
group attribution errorphrase: Mistakenly assuming one person's beliefs and choices match their group's views, even when group members actually differ.
group behaviorphrase: How people act together, or act differently because they are part of a group.
group boundarynoun: Spoken or unspoken rules determine who belongs to a group, what members must do, and which actions are acceptable.
group climatenoun: A therapy group's relationship atmosphere includes members' acceptance of one another, tolerance of differences, and openness to personal expression.
group cohesionphrase: The strength of members' connection and teamwork that helps a group feel united and stay together.
group consciousnessnoun: Members recognize their group as a collective and notice the identities, experiences, or interests they share.
group contagionnoun: Feelings, actions, or attitudes spread among people through social contact, including copying others and adjusting to group expectations.
group counselingnoun: A counselor offers guidance and support to several people together, allowing participants to discuss concerns and learn from one another.
group decision support systems (GDSS)noun: Computer tools help groups share ideas, compare choices, and reach decisions while reducing obstacles such as pressure to agree.
group developmentphrase: The predictable ways a group changes over time as members learn roles, rules, and how to work together.
group differencenoun: A measured difference between participant groups when each group is treated as one whole unit.
group dynamicsphrase: The changing ways people in a group affect one another's roles, rules, choices, and behavior.
group effectnoun: A research result is associated with participants' membership in a particular category, assigned condition, or existing group.
group experiencenoun: Interactions during group counseling help members understand themselves by sharing experiences and learning how others respond to them.
group experimentnoun: An experiment treats whole groups, such as classrooms, as the units whose results are analyzed.
group factorsnoun: These underlying abilities help explain why people perform similarly across related sets of intelligence tests.
group fallacynoun: A mistaken belief treats everyone belonging to a particular group as alike, overlooking differences among members.
group health plannoun: A shared insurance contract provides health coverage for multiple people, often through their employer or membership organization.
group homenoun: A shared residential setting provides residents with housing and everyday support, including meals, supervision, or transportation.
group hypnosisnoun: One practitioner guides several people through hypnosis during the same session, sometimes as part of treatment.
group hysterianoun: This historical label describes unusual thoughts, emotions, or behaviors that emerge suddenly among multiple people together.
group identificationphrase: Seeing yourself as part of a group and taking on its beliefs, goals, and typical behaviors.
group identityphrase: A person's self-view shaped by belonging to a social group, such as culture, team, or religion.
group intelligence testphrase: An IQ test given to many people at the same time in one setting.
group interviewnoun: One or more interviewers question several participants together, allowing their responses and interactions to provide information.
group marriagenoun: A marital arrangement joins multiple adults who share intimate relationships, household responsibilities, and any parenting duties.
group medical practicenoun: Doctors work together in one organization, sharing administration and cooperating in patient assessment, treatment, and prevention.
group mindnoun: A disputed historical idea proposes that a crowd can develop one shared consciousness that directs its members.
group moralenoun: Members share an overall level of enthusiasm, commitment, and confidence about their group and what it aims to accomplish.
group networknoun: The complete pattern of connections among group members includes relationships, communication, resource sharing, and official roles.
group normnoun: Shared rules in a group about how members should think, feel, or act.
group personal spacenoun: People interacting together create a temporary surrounding area that signals outsiders should avoid interrupting or entering uninvited.
group polarizationphrase: After discussion, a group often chooses a more extreme position than members held at the start.
group potencynoun: Members share a general belief that their group can successfully handle challenges and accomplish tasks together.
group practicenoun: A professional office where several clinicians work together and often share space, staff, or billing.
group pressurephrase: Influence from other group members can push a person to think, choose, or act differently.
group problem solvingnoun: People work together to understand a difficulty, examine possible answers, choose a solution, and put it into practice.
group processphrase: How people in a group interact during a session, apart from the ideas or decisions produced.
group relations theorynoun: Allport proposed that personal traits and pressure to meet social expectations jointly shape how people behave.
group residencenoun: A residential service houses people together while providing practical help with daily living and personal care.
group risk takingnoun: People act together on a course that involves uncertainty or possible negative outcomes.
group rolenoun: A person's position within a group carries expectations about how they should act and contribute.
group selectionnoun: Natural selection can sometimes favor traits that help a whole group survive and reproduce.
group sequential designnoun: A study examines accumulating results at planned checkpoints, using predefined statistical boundaries to decide whether enrollment should continue.
group sexnoun: Sexual activity involves more than two people participating together in a shared encounter.
group socializationnoun: Through interacting with a group, people learn its expectations, values, and behaviors and adjust their participation.
group socialization theorynoun: Judith Rich Harris proposed that peers mainly shape children's social development, filtering influences from parents and teachers.
group solidaritynoun: Members feel connected and stand together because they share purposes, interests, and responsibilities.
group spacenoun: An interacting group establishes a temporary boundary around its gathering that discourages unwanted entry by others.
group structurenoun: A group's organization consists of members' positions, responsibilities, authority, relationships, and usual ways of communicating.
group superegonoun: Psychoanalytic theory proposes that part of a person's inner moral standards develops through identification with peers.
group synergynoun: Working together produces results better than either the strongest member's work or simply combining everyone's separate efforts.
group territorial behaviornoun: Groups establish areas they consider their own or shared and act to maintain boundaries and control access.
group therapyphrase: A therapist helps several people meet together to share problems, gain insight, and practice healthier ways of relating.
group-analytic psychotherapynoun: This therapy uses communication and relationships across the entire group as the main means of helping members change.
group-centered leadernoun: A leader encourages equal participation and involves members in planning, resolving problems, and making decisions affecting their group.
group-comparison designnoun: Researchers compare outcomes across separate groups of participants to investigate differences, often under different experimental conditions.
group-randomized trialnoun: Researchers assign existing groups, such as classrooms, by chance to receive different study conditions.
group-serving biasnoun: People favor their own group when explaining events, often claiming successes as earned while blaming failures on outside circumstances.
grouped datanoun: Individual observations are combined into categories or ranges so researchers can summarize, analyze, or compare them collectively.
grouped frequency distributionnoun: A summary shows how many observations fall within each equal-width range of possible values.
groupingnoun: Putting scores into categories, ranges, or ranks so they can be summarized and compared.
groupthinknoun: Pressure to agree in a close group can block doubts and lead to poor decisions.
groupwarenoun: Computer programs help people coordinate shared projects, exchange information, and make decisions together.
GROWnoun: A peer support group using a twelve-step plan to help people recover and act more responsibly emotionally.
growthnoun: The process of becoming bigger and more mature over time, especially from conception to adulthood.
growth conenoun: A developing nerve cell extension has an active tip that guides its growth through surrounding tissue.
growth curvenoun: A graph showing how a person or group improves in learning over time.
growth factornoun: A naturally produced protein sends signals that help regulate whether particular cells grow and survive.
growth functionnoun: A mathematical relationship describes how a measured outcome varies across different points in time.
growth groupnoun: People meet in a group whose main purpose is helping each member develop personally.
growth hormone (GH)phrase: A pituitary hormone helps the body grow and build tissues, especially bones and muscles during childhood.
growth monitoringnoun: Regular measurements of a child's height and weight track physical development and help identify growth patterns needing attention.
growth motivationphrase: A drive to keep developing your abilities after basic needs are already met.
growth needsphrase: Desires for personal development, learning, and using one's abilities to reach higher potential.
growth principlenoun: Carl Rogers proposed that freedom from pressure and distortion allows people's natural capacities to support understanding, adjustment, and personal fulfillment.
growth spurtnoun: A short period when the body grows much faster than usual, especially during puberty.
GSP nerveabbreviation: A facial nerve branch called the greater superficial petrosal nerve helps relay palate taste and control certain glands.
GSRabbreviation: Galvanic skin response measures sweat-related changes in how easily electricity passes through skin, indicating bodily arousal.
guanfacinenoun: A medicine that lowers blood pressure and can also reduce ADHD symptoms by calming nerve signals.
guaninenoun: A chemical base represented by G forms part of DNA and RNA and helps encode genetic information.
guarananoun: An Amazonian shrub produces caffeine-rich seeds whose stimulant effects can increase alertness.
guardian ad litemnoun: A court appoints someone temporarily to represent a person needing protection because of age or disability during a legal case.
guardianshipnoun: A court can give another adult legal power to make personal and money decisions for someone unable to do so.
Guérin–Stern syndromenoun: A group of conditions present at birth causes stiff joints and differences in muscle development that can limit movement.
guess-who techniquenoun: A school personality assessment asks students to name classmates who best match brief descriptions of personal characteristics.
GUIabbreviation: A graphical user interface lets people control a computer through visible controls, including buttons, menus, and icons.
guidancenoun: Helpful direction or counseling given with the person's input, often using interviews and personal information.
guidance programnoun: A school's organized services bring together people and resources to help students address learning difficulties and social concerns.
guidance specialistnoun: A person with suitable training or experience helps others work through concerns and make informed choices.
guided affective imagery (GAI)noun: A psychodynamic therapy technique uses therapist-suggested mental scenes to explore feelings that may be difficult to discuss directly.
guided imageryphrase: Using calming mental pictures on purpose to relax, focus attention, and sometimes reduce stress or pain.
guided participationphrase: Learning grows when more skilled people and everyday culture guide participation while the learner also helps shape the activity.
guided performancephrase: Learning with step-by-step help that reduces mistakes while practicing a skill or solving a problem.
guided-search theorynoun: A model proposes that simultaneous detection of basic visual features guides attention toward promising items for closer, sequential inspection.
guiding fictionnoun: In Adler's theory, a personal guiding belief helps someone interpret experiences and choose a direction in life.
Guilford dimensions of intelligencenoun: Guilford proposed classifying mental abilities by information handled, thinking processes used, and forms of results produced.
Guilford–Zimmerman Temperament Survey (GZTS)noun: A personality questionnaire uses 300 statements to assess ten traits in people who are at least 16 years old.
Guillain–Barré syndromenoun: An immune attack on nerves outside the brain and spinal cord causes rapidly developing weakness and sometimes altered sensation or paralysis.
guiltnoun: A painful self-conscious feeling after doing, or thinking about doing, something wrong, often pushing a person to make amends.
guilt by associationnoun: Someone is unfairly blamed for another person's wrongdoing simply because the two people have a connection.
guilt culturenoun: A society emphasizes personal guilt and responsibility as ways to encourage behavior that follows shared rules.
guilty but mentally ill (GBMI)phrase: A legal verdict holds a defendant responsible for a crime while recognizing that the person has a mental illness.
guilty knowledge testnoun: An assessment compares bodily reactions to crime details and alternatives to investigate whether someone recognizes information about the crime.
Gulf War syndromenoun: A lasting pattern of health problems affects some people who served during the 1991 Gulf conflict, including fatigue and forgetfulness.
Günther’s diseasenoun: This inherited disorder allows porphyrins to accumulate, causing severe skin sensitivity to light and damage to red blood cells.
gurunoun: A spiritual teacher in Hindu or Sikh traditions provides guidance and helps pass religious teachings between generations.
gustationnoun: The ability to taste begins when dissolved chemicals activate sensory cells that send information to the brain.
gustatory agnosianoun: A person can experience tastes but cannot recognize or sort them into meaningful categories.
gustatory encodingnoun: The nervous system converts taste information into mental representations that can be processed and potentially remembered.
gustatory hallucinationnoun: A person experiences a taste, often bitter or sour, without a matching substance being present in the mouth.
gustatory nervenoun: An alternative name for the lingual nerve describes a tongue sensory nerve that also carries taste fibers from another nerve.
gustatory neuron typesnoun: Categories of taste nerve cells reflect how strongly each cell responds to different tastes, such as sweetness or bitterness.
gustatory qualitiesnoun: Different kinds of taste experience include sweetness, saltiness, sourness, bitterness, and the savory quality called umami.
gustatory stimulusnoun: A chemical substance activates taste receptor cells and can produce a taste sensation.
gustatory systemnoun: Taste receptors, nerve pathways, and brain regions work together to detect chemicals and support taste experiences and responses.
gustatory transductionnoun: Taste receptor cells turn contact with chemicals into electrical and chemical signals that activate sensory nerves.
gustometernoun: An instrument delivers carefully controlled amounts and strengths of taste substances to the tongue for a set duration.
gut hormonenoun: A chemical messenger released from the stomach or intestines helps regulate processes such as digestion and appetite.
Guttman scalenoun: An ordered measure assumes that accepting a stronger statement also means accepting every weaker statement before it.
gutturophonianoun: A voice production difficulty makes the voice sound unusually throaty or low in pitch.
gymnemic acidnoun: A substance obtained from Gymnema sylvestre leaves can temporarily reduce the ability to taste sweetness.
gynandromorphnoun: An organism, often an insect, has some body regions with male characteristics and others with female characteristics.
gynecologynoun: A branch of medicine addresses health and conditions involving reproductive organs such as the uterus, ovaries, and vagina.
gynecomastianoun: Breast tissue growth in males, often caused by hormone changes or some medicines.
gynemimesisnoun: A historical label describes a boy or man adopting an appearance, clothing, or behavior culturally associated with women.
gynemimetophilianoun: A historical label describes sexual attraction to men who wear feminine clothing and present themselves in traditionally feminine ways.
gynetresianoun: A physical condition involves the absence or closure of a vaginal opening.
gyno- (gyn-)prefix: A word-building element adds a meaning connected with women or female characteristics to a larger word.
gyrusnoun: A raised fold on the brain's outer surface, separated from nearby folds by grooves.
gyrus cingulinoun: A curved band of brain cortex above the corpus callosum contributes to emotion, memory, and planning movements.
gyrus fasciolarisnoun: A narrow fold within the hippocampal formation connects with a thin layer of gray matter covering the corpus callosum.
GZTSabbreviation: The Guilford–Zimmerman Temperament Survey uses 300 statements to measure ten personality traits in people aged 16 or above.

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