Glossary / T

Psychology terms starting with T

1,219 terms with short definitions. Study these as flashcards

Tabbreviation: In psychophysics, marks the transition point where a person's judgments start to change.
T cellnoun: An immune cell matures in the thymus and helps coordinate immune responses or remove infected cells.
T dataabbreviation: Test data provide information about a person through objective tests and formal scientific measurements.
t distributionnoun: A family of probability curves helps researchers assess mean estimates when population variability must be estimated from a sample.
T lymphocytenoun: A white blood cell matures in the thymus and supports immunity by directing responses or removing infected cells.
T mazenoun: An animal-learning apparatus has a central passage ending in left and right branches, allowing researchers to study choices.
t rationoun: A statistic expresses a tested difference, often between means, divided by its estimated standard error.
T scorenoun: A standardized test result uses 50 as its average and 10 as the size of one standard deviation.
t testphrase: A statistical test that checks whether average scores differ more than chance would predict.
T-groupnoun: A training group uses members' interactions and feedback to build communication, leadership, and awareness of group relationships.
T-scopeabbreviation: A tachistoscope briefly presents visual material for controlled periods to study perception, recognition, or memory.
T-squared testnoun: Hotelling's statistical test examines whether two groups differ across several measured outcomes considered together.
T-unitabbreviation: A minimal terminable unit contains one independent clause and its attached dependent clauses, helping measure grammatical complexity.
T2abbreviation: Hotelling's T-squared test evaluates differences between groups using multiple measured outcomes at the same time.
T3abbreviation: Triiodothyronine is a thyroid hormone containing iodine that helps control how quickly the body uses energy.
T4abbreviation: A thyroid hormone that helps control energy use, growth, and body temperature.
TAabbreviation: Transactional analysis examines interaction patterns through proposed parent, adult, and child ego states and uses this framework in therapy.
tabanka (tabanca)noun: In Trinidad, a cultural concept describes deep sadness, reduced self-worth, and lost interest following the loss of a romantic partner.
tabes dorsalisnoun: A complication of neurosyphilis damages spinal sensory pathways, making walking unsteady and coordinated movement difficult.
tablenoun: An organized grid of rows and columns that shows words or numbers clearly and quickly.
table-tiltingnoun: During historical séances, table movements were interpreted as spirit messages or mental powers, without establishing those explanations scientifically.
taboo (tabu)noun: A strong cultural, religious, or social rule forbids certain actions or contact with particular things or people.
tabula rasaphrase: A historical philosophical view proposes that people begin life without innate ideas and acquire knowledge through sensory experience.
tachismenoun: An approach to abstract painting uses spontaneous splashes and other unplanned movements, sometimes as part of art therapy.
tachistoscopenoun: A tool that flashes pictures or words for split seconds to study seeing, quick identification, and memory.
tachy-prefix: A word part placed at the beginning indicates that something happens quickly or at an increased rate.
tachyathetosisnoun: An alternative name for restless legs syndrome describes uncomfortable leg sensations and an urge to move during rest.
tachycardianoun: An abnormally fast heartbeat, often a sign of stress, illness, or drug effects.
tachyphemianoun: A speech pattern involves consistently talking very quickly and saying a great deal.
tachyphylaxisnoun: A drug's effect can fade quickly when the same dose is given repeatedly.
tachypsychianoun: A change in time perception makes the passing moments feel unusually fast or slow.
tacit knowledgenoun: Practical understanding develops through experience without direct teaching and can be difficult to explain in words.
tacrinenoun: A medicine that slows acetylcholine breakdown to slightly improve memory and thinking in some people with Alzheimer's.
tact-prefix: A word part placed at the beginning indicates a connection with touch.
tacticnoun: A planned move or strategy used to handle a problem, question, or tricky situation.
tactile agnosiaphrase: An inability to identify what something is by touch, even when basic feeling is normal.
tactile aidnoun: A device turns information into touch signals to support someone with hearing loss or limited vision.
tactile amnesianoun: A person cannot recognize an object's shape or identity through touch, even though basic touch sensation may remain.
tactile circlenoun: A skin region contains locations where two touches delivered together feel like a single contact.
tactile communicationnoun: People or other animals exchange social information through physical contact.
tactile encodingnoun: The nervous system converts information from touch into mental representations that can be processed and remembered.
tactile extinctionnoun: A person misses one or both touches delivered together, despite detecting the same touches when presented separately.
Tactile Finger Recognitionnoun: A neuropsychological test asks people to identify touched fingers, with and without seeing their hands.
Tactile Form Perceptionnoun: A test measures how accurately someone matches hidden sandpaper shapes felt with either hand to drawings.
tactile form recognitionnoun: A test checks whether someone can identify objects by feeling them without looking.
tactile hallucinationnoun: A person experiences a touch sensation even though no outside source is producing that contact.
tactile illusionnoun: An actual touch produces a mistaken impression of what is contacting the skin.
tactile perceptionnoun: The brain interprets touch information to recognize objects or judge qualities such as texture, location, and temperature.
tactile perceptual disordernoun: Brain damage causes difficulty distinguishing features such as an object's shape, size, or texture through touch.
tactile receptornoun: A sensory structure detects touch or related body sensations and turns that information into nerve signals.
tactile sensenoun: The ability to detect contact with the skin allows people to feel pressure, stroking, and other touches.
tactile sensory aidnoun: An assistive device delivers information through touch for people who have difficulty hearing or seeing.
tactile stimulationphrase: Touch or pressure turns on skin receptors, the body's touch sensors.
tactual displaynoun: A device presents readable information through touch using features such as raised patterns or vibrations.
tactual hallucinationnoun: A touch experience occurs without any external contact that would explain the sensation.
tactual localizationnoun: The ability to identify where the skin was touched helps locate a sensation on the body.
Tactual Performance Test (TPT)noun: A neuropsychological test uses blindfolded shape placement and later drawing to assess movement, touch perception, and memory.
tactual shape discriminationnoun: The ability to tell objects' shapes apart through touch works without needing to see them.
tactual size discriminationnoun: The ability to compare objects' sizes through touch allows judgments without seeing either object.
tactual stimulationnoun: Physical contact activates sensory receptors that respond to touch.
Tadoma methodnoun: A deafblind person understands speech by feeling a speaker's lip movements and vibrations around the face and neck.
TAEabbreviation: The tilt aftereffect makes lines appear tilted differently after someone spends time looking at slanted lines.
TAFabbreviation: Thought–action fusion means believing a thought makes an event likelier or carries the same moral weight as acting.
Taft–Hartley Actnoun: A United States law passed in 1947 changed labor rules, restricting some union activities and addressing unfair labor practices.
TAGabbreviation: A label for students whose abilities are far above what is typical for their age.
tag questionnoun: A speaker follows a statement with a brief question that asks the listener for agreement or confirmation.
taggingnoun: Adding a tiny radioactive marker to a molecule lets scientists track where it goes in the body.
taijin kyofushonoun: A culturally shaped social fear, described especially in Japan, centers on one's appearance or bodily signals offending others.
tail flick testnoun: An animal research procedure estimates pain sensitivity by timing a tail's withdrawal from heat produced by focused light.
TAISabbreviation: This questionnaire asks people about their usual patterns of attention and ways of relating to others.
Takayasu’s diseasenoun: An inflammatory disease can narrow major arteries, reducing circulation to the arms and sometimes the brain.
talbotnoun: This luminous energy unit represents one second’s output from a light source steadily delivering one lumen.
Talbot–Plateau lawnoun: Light flickering too rapidly to notice appears as bright as steady light matching its average output over time.
talentnoun: A natural ability to do some activities unusually well, beyond what normal development alone explains.
talented and gifted (TAG)adjective: An educational description identifies children whose assessed intellectual ability, specific talents, or both stand well above typical levels.
talionnoun: Retaliation matches the original wrongdoing in kind, a principle used in psychoanalytic accounts of feared punishment.
talipesnoun: A foot condition involves an unusually turned or twisted position, present from birth or acquired later.
talk therapyphrase: A treatment where a person meets with a therapist to talk through thoughts, feelings, and problems.
talking booknoun: An accessible recorded book helps people with visual or reading disabilities listen to material and navigate its contents.
talking curenoun: A historical name for insight-oriented psychotherapy describes exploring personal difficulties through conversation with a therapist.
taming of the instinctphrase: Classical psychoanalytic theory proposes that sexual or aggressive energy can become available for thinking, creativity, and other ego functions.
tamoxifennoun: A medicine blocks estrogen's effects in some tissues and is used to treat or help prevent certain breast cancers.
tandem reinforcementnoun: Reinforcement follows completion of multiple requirements for one response in sequence, without signals marking transitions between requirements.
tandem therapynoun: In marriage therapy, the same therapist holds separate individual sessions with each partner.
tangent screennoun: A vertical display helps researchers map where light triggers responses from a particular visual neuron.
tangential speechnoun: Speech repeatedly drifts into loosely related topics without returning to the original point.
tangentialitynoun: A pattern of speech that wanders to unrelated topics and never reaches the main point.
tangible supportnoun: Help takes the form of money, goods, or other material resources provided to someone facing difficulties.
tangible user interface (TUI)noun: A computer interface lets people control digital information by handling physical objects or interacting with physical surfaces.
tantric sexnoun: Sexual activities associated with certain Tantric traditions may serve religious purposes, while modern versions often emphasize mindful connection.
tantrumnoun: A sudden outburst of crying, yelling, or angry behavior when someone feels frustrated or upset.
Taoism (Daoism)noun: A Chinese philosophical and religious tradition encourages living in harmony with the Tao, the underlying way of nature.
taperingnoun: Slowly lowering a drug dose helps prevent withdrawal, including symptoms like headaches, stomach upset, or seizures.
tapetumnoun: A reflective layer behind some animals' retinas sends light back through light-sensitive cells, improving vision in dim conditions.
taphophilianoun: An unusually strong attraction to cemeteries has historically been described using this label.
tapping testnoun: A motor assessment measures how quickly someone repeatedly taps a finger or makes pencil dots during a timed period.
TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43)noun: A protein called TDP-43 helps cells manage RNA, while abnormal buildup is associated with several diseases affecting nerve cells.
Taractannoun: A trade name identifies chlorprothixene, an antipsychotic medication belonging to the thioxanthene drug family.
Tarasoff decisionphrase: Requires therapists to break confidentiality when a client poses a serious danger to an identifiable person.
tardiveadjective: Happening late, especially delayed symptoms that appear after treatment has gone on awhile.
tardive dyskinesiaphrase: Repeated involuntary movements that can appear after long-term antipsychotic use, especially older drugs blocking dopamine.
tardive dysmentianoun: A proposed condition links prolonged antipsychotic use with changes in emotion, thinking, social behavior, and activity.
targetnoun: The person, object, rule, or body part that attention, a task, or a drug is aimed at.
target behaviorphrase: In behavior therapy, the exact action chosen to be increased, decreased, or changed.
target devicenoun: An appliance or piece of equipment carries out instructions sent by a separate controller, often within an assistive system.
target languagenoun: A language serves as the one someone is learning or the one a translation will use.
target patientnoun: In structured interactional group therapy, one member becomes the central focus of that session's discussion and interaction.
target populationphrase: The full group a study aims to understand and apply its sample results to.
target responsenoun: A particular behavior or category of behaviors is selected for study or for planned consequences.
target stimulusphrase: The specific sound, image, or signal a person must notice or answer during a test.
targeted antibody therapynoun: A treatment uses laboratory-made antibodies that bind to selected molecules to influence disease processes.
targeted immune modulationnoun: A treatment changes immune activity using biological substances to strengthen useful responses or reduce excessive ones.
Tartini’s tonenoun: An extra tone can arise in the ear when two tones sound together, with a frequency equal to their difference.
TASabbreviation: The Tellegen Absorption Scale measures how readily someone becomes deeply absorbed in experiences, using a questionnaire.
tasknoun: A goal-directed activity done by one person or a group, often studied by changing its demands.
task analysisphrase: Breaking a complex activity into small steps shows the skills and actions needed to do it well.
task cohesionnoun: Team members share commitment to a task and combine their abilities to accomplish it together.
task complexityphrase: How much a task requires coordinating many thinking and physical steps at once.
task conflictnoun: People working together disagree over their task's ideas, evidence, or substance, including which solution makes sense.
task demandsphrase: The features and difficulty of a job that shape how a person or group can do it.
task identityphrase: Describes a job where one person completes a whole, clearly recognizable piece of work from beginning to end.
task orientationnoun: Motivation centers on learning, improving skill, and mastering a task within achievement goal theory.
task rolenoun: A group member performs functions that help organize the work and achieve the group's goals.
task significancephrase: Feeling that your job matters because it strongly affects other people or the organization's success.
task specificity of languagenoun: A theory proposes that language depends on specialized mental components that differ from those supporting other thinking tasks.
task structurephrase: How clear the steps are for doing a job and reaching the wanted result.
task switchingnoun: An experimental procedure requires alternating between activities, usually revealing slower responses after a change than after repeating an activity.
task-motivatedadjective: A leader with this style emphasizes organizing work, setting goals, and giving feedback about progress.
task-oriented groupnoun: A group forms mainly to accomplish a goal, such as solving a problem, making something, or providing a service.
task-specific tremornoun: Involuntary rhythmic shaking appears during a particular skilled activity, such as writing or playing an instrument.
task-unrelated images and thoughts (TUITs)noun: Mental pictures and ideas concern subjects outside the current activity, forming part of the experience of mind wandering.
task-unrelated thoughts (TUTs)noun: Ideas shift attention toward topics unrelated to the activity someone is currently doing.
tastantnoun: A substance activates taste receptors and can produce a taste sensation, as sugar does.
tastenoun: The sense that detects chemicals in liquids, helping you notice sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami.
taste adaptationnoun: Sensitivity to a taste decreases when the same taste-producing substance continues stimulating the taste system.
taste aversionphrase: Avoiding a food or flavor after it was linked with getting sick, often through learning.
taste blindnessnoun: A person has reduced sensitivity to certain tastes, especially bitterness from substances such as PTC or PROP.
taste budnoun: A small cluster of specialized cells in the mouth helps detect chemicals that produce taste sensations.
taste cellnoun: A specialized cell within a taste bud detects taste chemicals or supports the processes that make tasting possible.
taste cortexnoun: Regions of the brain's outer layer process taste information and help evaluate the qualities and pleasantness of food.
taste porenoun: A tiny opening in a taste bud allows cell extensions to contact chemicals dissolved in saliva.
taste stimulusnoun: A chemical activates taste-sensitive cells, helping produce sensations such as sweetness, sourness, saltiness, bitterness, or umami.
taste systemnoun: Structures and processes in the mouth, nerves, and brain work together to detect and respond to taste chemicals.
taste transductionnoun: Taste cells convert contact with chemical substances into changes in cell activity that communicate taste information to nerves.
taste-aversion learningnoun: An organism learns to avoid a taste after associating it with illness, sometimes after just one experience.
TATabbreviation: A personality test where people make up stories about pictures, revealing their thoughts and feelings.
tau effectnoun: The timing between successive stimuli changes how far apart their locations seem, with shorter intervals often making them seem closer.
tau proteinsnoun: These proteins help stabilize nerve cells' internal transport tracks, but abnormal forms can accumulate in diseases affecting thinking and movement.
tau testnoun: Kendall's tau measures how consistently two sets of rankings order the same items.
tauopathiesnoun: A group of progressive brain diseases involves abnormal tau protein buildup and can affect thinking, behavior, language, or movement.
taurinenoun: A sulfur-containing compound supports fluid balance and other body functions and may help regulate signaling between nerve cells.
tautologynoun: In logic, a statement must be true because of its logical form, regardless of the facts involved.
Tavistock Clinicnoun: A London mental health institution is known for psychological treatment and advanced professional training.
taxisnoun: An organism actively changes location along a direction guided by a signal, approaching its source or retreating from it.
taxonomic assumptionnoun: Children tend to extend a newly learned word to things of the same kind rather than things associated with them.
taxonomic classificationnoun: Items are grouped according to a common category or purpose.
taxonomynoun: An organized system for grouping things based on shared features or kinds.
taxonomy of educational objectivesnoun: Bloom's framework organizes learning goals into levels within thinking, feelings and values, and physical skills.
Tay–Sachs disease (TSD)noun: An inherited enzyme shortage allows fatty substances to accumulate in nerve cells, progressively damaging movement, thinking, and other functions.
Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scalenoun: An older questionnaire estimates anxiety symptoms using true-or-false statements that people answer about themselves.
Taylorismnoun: Frederick Taylor's management approach studies efficient task methods and uses payment per completed item to encourage workers to follow them.
TBIabbreviation: An injury to the brain caused by a blow, jolt, or hit to the head.
TBR itemsabbreviation: To-be-remembered items are the particular words, numbers, or other material participants are asked to recall in memory research.
TCAabbreviation: A class of older antidepressant medicines with three-ring structures that can help mood but often cause more side effects.
TCDabbreviation: Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography uses sound waves through the skull to measure how quickly blood moves through major brain arteries.
TCF7L2 genenoun: This DNA segment encodes TCF7L2, a protein controlling gene activity, and some versions increase the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes.
TCIabbreviation: A personality questionnaire measures four temperament traits and three character traits through people's reports about themselves.
TDDabbreviation: A telecommunication device lets people with hearing or speech disabilities exchange typed messages over a telephone connection.
teacher-effectiveness evaluationnoun: An assessment examines teaching quality using evidence such as classroom organization, lesson content, family communication, and student progress.
teaching gamesnoun: Classroom games are designed to build particular skills while encouraging students to participate through interest, enjoyment, or rewards.
teaching machinenoun: An instructional device presents lessons in steps, asks learners questions, and automatically checks their answers with feedback.
teaching modelnoun: A developmental approach influenced by Piaget organizes teaching to strengthen logical thinking and knowledge students can actively use.
teaching stylenoun: A teacher's characteristic ways of explaining, organizing, and interacting shape how learning happens in their classroom.
teamnoun: A small organized group that deliberately combines members' efforts to reach a shared goal.
team buildingnoun: Planned activities help a group improve cooperation, clarify shared goals, and work more effectively together.
team mental modelnoun: Team members share an understanding of their work system, tasks, and progress that helps them coordinate their actions.
technicaladjective: Describing work or knowledge that needs special methods, tools, or trained skills.
technical eclecticismnoun: A therapist carefully selects techniques from different therapy approaches to fit a client's needs without necessarily combining their theories.
technical termnoun: A specialist expression names a precise concept within a subject that everyday vocabulary cannot adequately describe.
technological gatekeepernoun: A person brings outside technical knowledge into an organization, explains it, and shares it with colleagues.
technostressnoun: Workplace technology can create strain when its demands, changes, or constant messages feel difficult to manage.
tectal nucleusnoun: A cluster of nerve cells in the midbrain's tectum helps process sensory signals and coordinate automatic responses.
tectorial membranenoun: A jellylike sheet inside the cochlea contacts outer hair cells and helps bend their tiny projections during sound vibrations.
tectospinal tractnoun: A nerve pathway connects the superior colliculus to the neck's spinal cord, helping turn the head toward sensory events.
tectumnoun: The midbrain's roof contains centers that process sights and sounds and help guide automatic orienting responses.
teenage pregnancyphrase: Pregnancy that happens during adolescence, usually before age 20, often affecting health, schooling, and family life.
teeth grindingnoun: Repeated rubbing or clenching of the teeth can occur during sleep or while awake and may accompany emotional tension.
teethingnoun: An infant's teeth emerge through the gums, sometimes bringing gum soreness, drooling, irritability, or disrupted sleep.
tegmentumnoun: A central region within the brainstem contains nerve pathways and cell clusters involved in movement, sensation, and other functions.
Tegretolnoun: A brand name for carbamazepine identifies a medicine used for seizures, certain nerve pain, and mood stabilization.
tele- (tel-)prefix: This word part indicates distance or a connection with telephone or television communication.
telecommunication device (TDD)noun: A text telephone sends and receives typed messages, supporting communication for people who are deaf, hard of hearing, or have speech disabilities.
telecommutingnoun: Employees work away from a central workplace, usually at home, and stay connected through communication technology.
teleconferencingnoun: People in separate locations meet at the same time through telephone, video, or other communication links.
telegnosisnoun: A claimed paranormal ability involves knowing about faraway events without receiving information through ordinary senses or communication.
telegraphic speechphrase: Young children's speech using mostly key nouns and verbs while leaving out small grammar words.
telehealthnoun: Getting health assessment, diagnosis, treatment, or information through phone or video instead of meeting in person.
telekinesisnoun: A claimed paranormal ability involves moving or manipulating physical objects using thoughts alone.
telemedicinenoun: Health professionals use communication technology to assess, inform, or treat people who are in another location.
telemetrynoun: Measurements are collected and automatically sent to another location for recording or analysis.
telencephalonnoun: The cerebrum consists of two large brain hemispheres involved in perception, thought, memory, and voluntary movement.
teleologic regressionnoun: A historical theory proposed that people with schizophrenia increasingly retreat into dreamlike thinking when attempts to escape distress fail.
teleologynoun: An explanatory approach understands events or behavior through the purposes or goals they are thought to serve.
teleonomynoun: Living systems can appear purposefully organized because of biological processes such as evolution, without requiring an intended final goal.
teleoperatornoun: A remotely controlled machine extends a person's physical abilities while responding directly to that person's commands.
teleopsianoun: A visual distortion makes objects seem farther away than their actual locations.
telepathic dreamnoun: A dream seems to reveal information about someone or something that the dreamer did not knowingly obtain while awake.
telepathynoun: A claimed paranormal ability allows people to exchange thoughts without speech, gestures, technology, or other ordinary communication.
telephone counselingnoun: A counselor helps someone explore and manage personal difficulties during a phone conversation.
telephone scatologianoun: Sexual arousal comes from making sexually explicit phone calls, typically to people who have not agreed to receive them.
telephone theorynoun: A historical hearing theory proposed that auditory nerves signal pitch by firing at the same frequency as incoming sound.
teleplasmnoun: In spiritualist beliefs, a supposed substance emerges from a medium's body during attempts to communicate with spirits.
telepresencenoun: Sensory information delivered through technology can create a feeling of being physically present somewhere far away.
telepsychotherapynoun: Psychological therapy takes place remotely through communication tools such as phone calls or video meetings.
telergynoun: In parapsychology, a claimed ability involves using telepathy to influence someone’s thoughts or give them paranormal powers.
telesisnoun: Deliberate planning and effort are organized to reach a chosen goal.
telesthesia (telaesthesia)noun: An experience seems to provide information through claimed extrasensory abilities, without an identified ordinary sensory source.
telesupervisionnoun: An experienced professional guides and evaluates a trainee remotely using communication technology.
Telfaire instructionsnoun: Jury guidance highlights reasons an eyewitness might mistakenly identify someone when identification evidence is central to a case.
telicadjective: An action or process has a purpose and aims toward a particular outcome.
telic continuumnoun: A measurement scale orders actions by how fully they achieve a purpose, including compliance with a social rule.
Tellegen Absorption Scale (TAS)noun: A self-report questionnaire measures how readily someone becomes deeply immersed in sensations, imagination, or activities.
telodendronnoun: The fine branches at an axon’s end form its terminal branching structure.
telomerenoun: A protective structure caps a chromosome’s end and often shortens as cells divide, helping limit further division.
temazepamnoun: A benzodiazepine medicine reduces nervous system activity to help with insomnia over a short treatment period.
tempernoun: An angry outburst or a usual tendency to get angry quickly.
temper tantrumnoun: A sudden, intense expression of anger or frustration may include crying, shouting, or kicking, especially in young children.
temperamentnoun: An inborn style of reacting and feeling that appears early and shapes later personality.
Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI)noun: A personality questionnaire based on Cloninger’s model measures four temperament traits and three character traits.
temperament theorynoun: This theory proposes that biologically rooted behavior patterns are present at birth and help shape a person’s usual responses.
temperament traitphrase: An inborn personality quality that shapes a person's usual emotional style and way of reacting.
temperancenoun: Helpful self-restraint allows someone to manage feelings, urges, and actions in support of constructive goals.
temperature illusionnoun: A temperature sensation misrepresents the actual thermal stimulus, such as feeling cold in response to heat.
temperature sensenoun: Specialized receptors and nervous system pathways allow people to feel warmth and cold on exposed body surfaces.
temperature spotnoun: A small skin area contains receptors that respond to changes in temperature.
template-matching theorynoun: This hypothesis proposes that recognition happens by matching incoming sensory patterns against stored mental versions.
temporaladjective: Describes the side of the head near the temples, especially the brain's temporal lobe.
temporal appraisal theorynoun: This model proposes that people tend to judge their earlier selves less favorably than their present selves.
temporal arteritisnoun: Inflammation affects arteries, often around the temples and scalp in older adults, and can interfere with vision.
temporal aspects of consciousnessnoun: Features of awareness involve experienced duration, the feeling of the present, and delays before sensations become conscious.
temporal bonenoun: A bone on each side of the skull extends toward its base and houses middle and inner ear structures.
temporal codingnoun: Nervous systems represent information through the precise timing of nerve impulses, beyond simply how often those impulses occur.
temporal coherencenoun: A wave maintains a predictable relationship between its phases at different moments in time.
temporal conditioningnoun: Learning occurs when a naturally response-producing stimulus repeats at regular intervals without a separate signal, making elapsed time predictive.
temporal consistencynoun: A correlation shows how closely the same people’s scores agree when they complete a measure on two occasions.
temporal construal theorynoun: This model proposes that distant future events invite broad, abstract thinking, while nearby events invite concrete, detailed thinking.
temporal discountingnoun: A reward’s subjective value tends to decrease as the wait to receive it grows longer.
temporal discriminationnoun: In conditioning, an individual responds differently depending on how long a stimulus or situation lasts.
temporal frequencynoun: A repeating event’s rate is measured by counting how many repetitions occur within a chosen time interval.
temporal gradientphrase: After memory loss, recent events are forgotten more than older events from long ago.
temporal hallucinationsnoun: Unusual sensory experiences, including distorted perceptions, may accompany seizures involving abnormal electrical activity in the temporal lobe.
temporal lobephrase: Part of each brain half that helps with hearing, complex seeing, and making new memories.
temporal lobe amnesianoun: Damage to temporal lobe memory structures, especially the hippocampus, can severely impair the ability to form new lasting memories.
temporal lobe epilepsyphrase: Repeated seizures starting in the temporal lobe, a brain area important for memory and emotion.
temporal lobe illusionsnoun: Distorted perceptions, dreamlike experiences, or déjà vu may occur during seizures involving the temporal lobe.
temporal lobe syndromephrase: Behavior and personality changes seen in some people with temporal lobe epilepsy, such as intense religiosity, detail focus, and compulsive writing.
temporal lobectomynoun: Surgery that removes part or all of a temporal brain lobe, often to reduce severe seizures.
temporal modulation transfer function (TMTF)noun: A mathematical function describes sensitivity to changes in stimulus intensity across different rates of change.
temporal perceptual disordernoun: A difficulty processing sights and sounds across time can occur after damage to the brain’s left hemisphere.
temporal precedencenoun: For one event to cause another, the proposed cause must happen earlier than its effect.
temporal stabilityphrase: A test's scores stay similar when the same people take it again later.
temporal summationnoun: Signals arriving close together at a neuron combine over time and may jointly trigger a nerve impulse.
temporal validityphrase: Shows whether a study's findings still apply when tested at different times.
temporal-frequency discriminationnoun: The senses distinguish stimuli that differ in their timing patterns or rates of repetition.
temporary commitmentnoun: An urgent psychiatric admission requires someone to stay briefly in a hospital for evaluation or care without agreeing to it.
temporary lesionnoun: A brain region’s activity is disrupted reversibly, often using a drug or electromagnetic stimulation to study its function.
temporary threshold shift (TTS)noun: The minimum stimulus intensity a person can detect changes temporarily, commonly reducing hearing sensitivity after loud sound exposure.
temporomandibular joint syndromenoun: Problems involving the jaw joint or nearby muscles can cause facial pain, restricted jaw movement, and clicking.
temptationnoun: A strong urge or cue pushing someone toward a behavior that breaks personal or social rules.
ten–twenty systemnoun: A standard scalp measurement method places brain-recording electrodes at positions based on 10% and 20% intervals between head landmarks.
tend-and-befriend responsenoun: A proposed stress response involves caring for others and building supportive relationships to increase safety and ease distress.
tendentious apperceptionnoun: A person’s wishes bias how they perceive or interpret a situation.
tender years doctrinenoun: A historical legal assumption held that mothers should receive custody when children were young.
tender-mindednessnoun: In William James’s framework, a philosophical temperament favors rational principles, idealism, optimism, religious belief, firm convictions, and an underlying unity.
tendinitisnoun: Inflammation of a tendon can cause pain and swelling, sometimes following repeated strain during movement or work.
tendonnoun: A tough strip of connective tissue anchors muscle to bone and transfers the muscle's pulling force.
tendon reflexnoun: A tendon tap briefly stretches a muscle, activating muscle sensors that trigger an automatic contraction, as in a knee jerk.
tendon sensationnoun: Signals from receptors within tendons contribute to sensing muscle tension and the body's movement or position.
Tenexnoun: This brand names guanfacine, a medicine used for high blood pressure and sometimes for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (TSCS)noun: This questionnaire measures how people view themselves by asking them to rate statements about different areas of their lives.
TENSabbreviation: Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation delivers gentle pulses through skin electrodes to stimulate nerves and help reduce pain.
tensenoun: A verb form that shows when an action happens, such as past, present, or future.
tensionnoun: A state of mental or physical strain that feels uneasy and pushes someone to seek relief.
tension headachenoun: A common headache caused by stress or strain, often with tight neck muscles, poor sleep, and irritability.
tension lawnoun: A proposed principle holds that tension develops whenever surrounding conditions move away from an organism's ideal level.
tension reductionnoun: Feelings of mental or bodily strain decrease, sometimes with help from relaxation, movement, or other approaches.
tensor tympaninoun: A small muscle inside the middle ear tightens the eardrum and helps limit its movement.
tenth cranial nervenoun: The vagus nerve carries sensory and movement signals and helps regulate organs such as the heart and digestive tract.
tentingnoun: During sexual arousal, the upper vagina can widen and lengthen while the uterus rises.
tentorial herniationnoun: Pressure inside the skull pushes brain tissue through an opening in a protective fold, potentially compressing the brainstem.
tentorium cerebellinoun: A sturdy fold of the brain's outer covering forms a partition between the cerebellum and parts of the cerebrum.
Tenuatenoun: This brand names diethylpropion, a medicine that stimulates the central nervous system and reduces appetite.
tenurenoun: The length of time someone has worked in a job or for an employer.
teratogennoun: Something during pregnancy that can harm the fetus and cause birth defects.
teratological defectnoun: An older medical label describes a structural or functional condition developing before birth because of genetic or environmental influences.
teratologynoun: This scientific field studies conditions arising from disrupted development before birth and investigates what causes them.
termnoun: The stage of pregnancy when birth is expected, usually about 9 months after the last period.
Terman–McNemar Test of Mental Abilitynoun: This historical intelligence test assessed students in grades seven through twelve using multiple-choice verbal tasks administered to groups.
Terman’s giftedness studynoun: Beginning in 1921, Lewis Terman followed California children with high IQ scores to study their development and later lives.
terminaladjective: Describing the last part or endpoint of a structure, process, or goal.
terminal assessmentnoun: An evaluation at the end of an educational program judges what a student has achieved.
terminal behaviornoun: In conditioning, a fairly consistent behavior becomes especially common just before reinforcement arrives.
terminal button (terminal bouton)noun: A small ending on a neuron's axon releases chemical messengers that carry signals to another cell.
terminal carenoun: Care near the end of life focuses on comfort, symptom relief, emotional support, and the person's wishes.
terminal declinenoun: Some people experience an accelerated loss of thinking and memory abilities as death approaches.
terminal eventnoun: In research, a one-time event prevents any further events of the kind being studied from occurring.
terminal insomnianoun: A person repeatedly wakes earlier than intended, cannot resume sleep, and feels insufficiently rested.
terminal linknoun: In a concurrent-chains procedure, this final reinforcement schedule follows an initial choice and must be completed to earn primary reinforcement.
terminal thresholdnoun: A stimulus reaches an intensity beyond which further increases no longer change the resulting sensation.
terminationnoun: The planned or unplanned ending of therapy, whether agreed on, sudden, or too early.
TerraNova CATnoun: This version of the California Achievement Tests measures school learning across subjects using a collection of standardized assessments.
territorial aggressionnoun: An animal threatens or fights members of its own species to defend a particular area.
territorial dominancenoun: Resident animals often have an advantage when defending their territory, sometimes even against larger or stronger newcomers.
territorial markingnoun: Animals leave scent signals to communicate the boundaries of an area they occupy or defend.
territorialitynoun: Animals defend a particular area, while people may control access to places they use and feel attached to.
terrornoun: An intense, overpowering fear that can make clear thinking and action very hard.
terror management theoryphrase: People cope with fear of death by clinging to cultural beliefs and self-worth that make life feel meaningful.
terrorismnoun: Using illegal, unpredictable violence or threats to scare people and push political or religious goals.
tertiary carenoun: Highly specialized health services address complex or serious conditions, often using advanced equipment and expert teams.
tertiary circular reactionphrase: Near age one, babies try new actions to solve problems by changing what they already know how to do.
tertiary preventionphrase: Help given after a disorder is already present to limit harm, prevent relapse, and improve daily functioning.
tertiary suggestibilitynoun: Eysenck proposed this tendency to follow advice without questioning it when others exert pressure or the adviser commands respect.
testnoun: A standard set of questions or tasks used to measure what a person knows, can do, or is like.
test agephrase: The age level whose average score matches a person's score on a test.
test analysisphrase: A statistical review checks how well a test and its questions work, including consistency, difficulty, and score patterns.
test anxietyphrase: Worry and nervous tension during an exam can interfere with recalling information and lower scores.
test batterynoun: Several tests are used together to build a fuller picture of a person's abilities, traits, or other characteristics.
test biasphrase: When a test unfairly raises or lowers scores for certain groups, it gives a false picture of ability.
test cutoffnoun: A preset rule determines when testing stops, such as a time limit or a certain number of errors.
test for contrastsnoun: A statistical procedure checks selected comparisons among group averages, including comparisons that combine several groups.
test for equality of variancenoun: A statistical procedure checks whether observed differences in groups' score spreads provide evidence that their population variances differ.
test for independencephrase: Checks whether two variables are related by comparing actual counts with counts expected by chance alone.
test for normalitynoun: A statistical or graphical check examines how closely observed values fit the bell-shaped pattern expected under a normal distribution.
test interpretationphrase: Making practical conclusions from a person's test score, often by an expert or computer program.
test marketingnoun: Researchers study customers' responses to a new or changed product before deciding whether and how to offer it more widely.
test normphrase: A score standard built from many people's results, used to compare one person's test performance.
Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style (TAIS)noun: This self-report questionnaire assesses how people typically direct attention and interact with others, including in sports and work settings.
Test of Nonverbal Intelligence (TONI)noun: This assessment uses visual pattern problems to estimate reasoning ability while minimizing demands on language and movement.
test of significancenoun: A statistical procedure evaluates how unusual observed results would be under a specified null hypothesis and its assumptions.
test of simple effectsnoun: A statistical test examines one factor's relationship with an outcome within a single level of another factor.
Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA)noun: This computerized assessment measures sustained attention and impulse control by recording responses to targets and responses withheld from other signals.
test profilenoun: Results from several tests or test sections are organized to show a person's pattern of measured characteristics or abilities.
test selectionphrase: Choosing the best test or test set using background information to answer a psychological question accurately.
test sensitizationnoun: A classification test is designed or adjusted to identify people in particular categories as accurately as possible.
test sophisticationnoun: Experience with a test or similar formats gives someone knowledge and strategies that can influence their score.
test statisticphrase: A number from a statistical test used to judge whether results likely happened by chance.
test theoryphrase: Explains how test scores should be understood, especially how consistent and accurate they are.
test-operate-test-exit (TOTE)noun: This feedback model checks progress against a goal, makes adjustments, checks again, and stops when the goal is reached.
test-tube babynoun: An informal expression describes a baby conceived through fertilization of an egg outside the body, followed by embryo transfer.
test–retest correlationnoun: A statistical measure shows how closely people's scores correspond when they take the same test on different occasions.
test–retest reliabilityphrase: A test gives similar scores to the same people when they take it again later.
test–study–test methodnoun: A teaching approach checks existing knowledge, targets study toward missed material, and tests learning again afterward.
testabilitynoun: How well an idea can be checked with real-world evidence and observations.
testamentary capacitynoun: The mental ability needed to make a will includes understanding one's belongings and who will receive them.
testiclenoun: A reproductive structure includes a sperm-producing testis and nearby tissues and ducts, usually located within the scrotum.
testicular atrophynoun: A testis becomes smaller or loses function because of problems such as injury, infection, or reduced blood flow.
testicular feminization syndromenoun: This historical name describes inherited androgen insensitivity, where reduced responses to certain sex hormones influence sexual development.
testimonynoun: Statements a person gives in court under oath as evidence.
testing effectphrase: Remembering studied information during a quiz strengthens learning more than spending the same time rereading it.
testing the limitsphrase: During an assessment, the examiner relaxes usual rules to see what the person can do.
testisnoun: A reproductive organ, usually one of a pair within the scrotum, produces sperm and hormones such as testosterone.
testis-determining factornoun: A protein produced by the SRY gene starts a chain of developmental signals that helps embryonic testes form.
testosteronenoun: A sex hormone that helps develop male body features and is also present in smaller amounts in females.
testwiseadjective: A person uses knowledge of test formats and clues to improve scores beyond what subject knowledge alone would predict.
testwise alpha levelnoun: Researchers set an acceptable false-positive risk for each individual statistical test within a study containing several tests.
testwise error ratenoun: For one particular statistical comparison, this is the probability of falsely detecting an effect when its null hypothesis is true.
tetanic contractionnoun: A muscle stays contracted when rapid, repeated stimulation leaves too little time for it to relax between responses.
tetanizing shocknoun: An electrical stimulus causes a muscle to remain contracted instead of producing only a brief twitch.
tetanoid paraplegianoun: A form of paralysis affects both legs and includes unusually stiff muscles with increased resistance to stretching.
tetanynoun: Overexcitable nerves cause involuntary muscle spasms, often because the blood contains too little available calcium.
tetartanopianoun: A proposed, disputed color-vision condition involves difficulty distinguishing yellow from blue while brightness perception remains typical.
tetra- (tetr-)prefix: This word part adds the meaning four to a scientific or other compound word.
tetrabenazinenoun: A medicine reduces certain unwanted movements by lowering stored brain chemicals, especially dopamine, available for release between nerve cells.
tetrachoric correlation coefficientnoun: A statistic estimates the relationship between two underlying continuous traits when each has been recorded in only two categories.
tetrachromatismnoun: Color vision uses four kinds of cone cells, each sensitive to a different range of light wavelengths.
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC; delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol)noun: A cannabis chemical, commonly abbreviated THC, changes brain activity and can alter perception, mood, attention, and memory.
tetraparesisnoun: A neurological condition or injury reduces muscle strength across both legs and both arms.
tetraplegianoun: Paralysis of both arms and both legs, often from damage to the spinal cord.
tetrasomy Xnoun: A chromosome variation involves four X chromosomes and can affect physical development and learning, with widely varying effects.
tetrodotoxin (TTX)noun: A toxin found in pufferfish and other animals blocks certain sodium channels, preventing electrical signals from traveling along nerves.
text telephone (TTY)noun: A communication device sends and receives typed messages over telephone connections, supporting people with hearing or speech disabilities.
textonsnoun: Proposed basic visual features, such as line endings and crossings, help separate textures before focused attention begins.
textual narrativenoun: A written account describes events or experiences, often connecting what happened with people's thoughts and feelings.
texture gradientphrase: As surfaces get farther away, their details look finer and less clear, helping show depth.
texture perceptionnoun: People recognize surface qualities, such as roughness, smoothness, or speckling, through touch, sight, or both.
texture segregation tasknoun: A visual task asks someone to detect a figure whose texture differs from the surrounding background.
TFT strategyabbreviation: The tit-for-tat strategy begins with cooperation and then matches the other person's previous cooperative or competitive choice.
TGAabbreviation: Transient global amnesia suddenly disrupts forming new memories and recalling recent events, usually clearing within 24 hours.
thalamic lesionnoun: Damage to part of the thalamus can disrupt learning or other functions, depending on which area is affected.
thalamic nucleusnoun: A cluster of nerve cells within the thalamus handles particular kinds of information or helps regulate brain activity.
thalamic pacemakernoun: Groups of thalamic nerve cells help generate and coordinate rhythmic electrical activity in the brain's outer layer, including during sleep.
thalamic sensory gatingnoun: The thalamus adjusts how strongly sensory signals pass onward, helping regulate the brain's responses to incoming information.
thalamic taste areanoun: A thalamic region passes taste signals from the brainstem toward the taste cortex and also processes other mouth-related information.
thalamic theory of Cannonnoun: The historical Cannon–Bard theory proposes that lower brain centers produce emotional experience and bodily emotional responses at the same time.
thalamocortical systemnoun: The closely connected thalamus and cerebral cortex work together in perception, consciousness, voluntary action, and changing sleep rhythms.
thalamotomynoun: A brain procedure deliberately destroys a selected small area within the thalamus, usually to reduce severe tremor.
thalamusnoun: A deep brain structure that relays most sensory signals to the cerebral cortex for processing.
thalidomidenoun: A medicine once used for sedation can cause severe birth defects and also has uses in treating certain immune-related illnesses.
thanato- (thanat-)prefix: This word part adds a meaning connected with death when joined to another word element.
thanatologynoun: An area of study examines death, dying, and the thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and social practices surrounding them.
thanatomanianoun: A historical concept proposes that intense belief in a curse can trigger bodily stress responses resulting in death.
thanatomimesisnoun: An animal behaves as though dead, sometimes helping it survive an encounter with a predator.
thanatophobianoun: Lasting, excessive anxiety about dying or someone else's death goes beyond what the situation warrants.
Thanatosnoun: In psychoanalytic theory, a proposed death drive pushes toward eliminating mental tension and reducing life activity.
that’s-not-all techniquenoun: A persuasion method improves an initial offer before someone answers, using extra benefits or a smaller request to encourage agreement.
THCabbreviation: The main mind-altering chemical in cannabis that changes mood, thinking, memory, and movement.
theater of consciousnessnoun: A metaphor presents awareness as a lit stage, with unconscious mental processes supporting events outside the spotlight.
Theater of Spontaneitynoun: Moreno's experimental Vienna theater explored unscripted performances and contributed to the development of psychodrama therapy.
thebainenoun: An opium chemical related to morphine has stimulating effects and serves as material for making several opioid medicines.
theismnoun: A religious belief holds that God exists, especially as a creator who remains involved with the world.
themanoun: In Murray’s personality theory, a personal need and an environmental influence interact in a meaningful pattern leading to satisfaction.
thematic analysisphrase: Finding and organizing repeated ideas in non-number data to understand what people are saying.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)noun: A projective personality test where people tell stories about unclear pictures to reveal feelings, needs, and conflicts.
thematic classificationnoun: Items are grouped by shared situations or meaningful connections, even when they belong to different kinds of things.
thematic paralogianoun: A speech pattern involves repeatedly returning to one topic while discussing it in distorted or illogical ways.
thematic paraphasianoun: A speech pattern becomes difficult to understand as it drifts away from its original subject.
thematic testnoun: An assessment asks someone to create stories that an examiner interprets for clues about psychological functioning, including hidden wishes.
theobrominenoun: A naturally occurring cocoa chemical belongs to caffeine’s chemical family and generally has weaker stimulating effects.
theomanianoun: A historical clinical label describes a delusional conviction that someone is divinely inspired or contains a divine presence.
theophagynoun: A religious practice involves consuming something understood to represent or embody a deity to gain spiritual connection or qualities.
theophyllinenoun: A chemical found in tea belongs to caffeine’s family, stimulates the nervous system, and can relax airway muscles.
theoremnoun: A statement shown to be true by logical steps from accepted facts or earlier results.
theoretical constructphrase: An idea used to explain behavior that cannot be seen directly but is guessed from evidence.
theoretical distributionnoun: A mathematical model describes how likely different values are based on assumptions rather than collected observations.
theoretical integrationphrase: Blending ideas from different therapy theories to better explain a person's problems when one approach alone does not fit.
theoretical orientationphrase: A therapist's guiding theory helps make sense of a client's problems and choose treatment methods.
theoretical predictionnoun: An expected result is worked out from a theory’s reasoning before an experiment or planned observation tests it.
theoretical probabilitynoun: An event’s chance is calculated from a mathematical model, counting favorable outcomes against all outcomes when each is equally likely.
theoretical samplingnoun: Researchers choose what data to collect next based on ideas emerging as they build and refine a theory.
theoretical statisticsnoun: A branch of statistics develops and studies the mathematical reasoning behind methods for describing data, estimating quantities, and testing ideas.
theorynoun: An organized set of ideas that explains events and helps predict what may happen.
theory beggingnoun: An argument claims to support a theory using evidence or reasoning that already assumes the theory’s own viewpoint is correct.
theory of agingphrase: Ideas that explain why people grow older through body changes, thoughts, and social experiences.
theory of evolutionnoun: A scientific explanation describes how inherited characteristics of populations change across generations through processes including natural selection.
theory of formsnoun: Plato proposed that perfect, unchanging forms exist independently of perception and that everyday objects are imperfect examples of them.
theory of gender and power (TGP)noun: A framework explains how social arrangements maintain gender inequalities in power and resources, shaping people’s behavior, health, and wellbeing.
theory of mental self-governmentnoun: Sternberg’s model describes preferred thinking styles using government functions and differences in goals, detail, social focus, and openness to change.
theory of mindphrase: Understanding that other people have their own thoughts, feelings, and beliefs, which guide what they do.
theory of misapplied constancynoun: A proposed explanation says visual illusions arise when normally useful cues for stable size or shape perception are applied inappropriately.
theory of personal investmentnoun: A motivation theory proposes that incentives, beliefs about oneself, and perceived choices shape how much time and effort someone commits.
theory of planned behaviorphrase: People are more likely to act when they want to, feel social support, and believe they can do it.
theory of reasoned actionnoun: A model proposes that attitudes and perceived expectations from important others shape intentions, which then guide behavior.
theory theorynoun: A developmental model proposes that children build understanding by creating, testing, and revising explanations, guided partly by inborn tendencies.
Theory X and Ynoun: Two management philosophies assume workers either need close control, under X, or seek responsibility and growth, under Y.
Theory Znoun: Ouchi’s management approach emphasizes employee involvement in decisions, teamwork, and mutual respect between staff and managers.
theory-ladenadjective: An observation, statement, or word depends on theoretical assumptions for its interpretation or meaning.
therapeuticadjective: Helpful for treating a disorder or improving health and well-being.
therapeutic abortionnoun: Medical care deliberately ends a pregnancy to protect the pregnant person from serious health risks.
therapeutic alliancephrase: A trusting teamwork between client and therapist, built around shared goals and tasks, helps therapy work better.
therapeutic atmospherenoun: An accepting, understanding therapy environment helps clients openly explore their experiences and work toward constructive change.
therapeutic campnoun: A camp program offers care, treatment, or rehabilitation adapted to participants’ physical, developmental, emotional, or behavioral needs.
therapeutic communicationnoun: A therapist’s spoken comment or observation helps a client become more aware of experiences or better understand themselves.
therapeutic communitynoun: A treatment setting uses relationships and everyday interactions among participants and staff as central parts of therapy.
therapeutic crisisnoun: A major turning point in therapy, often involving a sudden realization, can improve or worsen progress depending on its handling.
therapeutic exercisenoun: A practitioner prescribes movements suited to someone’s abilities to support recovery, physical functioning, or psychological wellbeing.
therapeutic factorsphrase: Helpful parts of group therapy, like feeling less alone and getting feedback, that lead to improvement.
therapeutic groupnoun: People meet with a therapist to work together on improving their emotional and mental wellbeing.
therapeutic group analysisnoun: A group therapy approach uses the whole group’s communication and relationships as the main means of supporting change.
therapeutic indexphrase: Shows how far apart a drug's helpful dose and harmful dose are, indicating safety.
therapeutic jurisprudencenoun: A field examines how laws, legal procedures, and legal professionals affect the psychological wellbeing of people involved.
therapeutic matrixnoun: In couples therapy, the arrangement specifies which therapists meet with which partners, separately or together.
therapeutic processphrase: The ongoing steps of therapy through which a client and therapist work toward change.
therapeutic rationoun: A drug safety measure divides the dose lethal to half a test population by the dose effective for half.
therapeutic relaxationnoun: Treatment uses techniques that relax muscles to help reduce emotional tension.
therapeutic rolenoun: A therapist or another source of help serves a function in relieving distress or changing unhelpful thoughts and actions.
therapeutic soliloquynoun: A therapy exercise gives a client uninterrupted time to speak about themselves before a group.
therapeutic storytellingnoun: A therapist uses symbolic stories or comparisons to help a client understand personal concerns.
therapeutic touchnoun: Treatment uses physical contact or gentle body manipulation with the aim of easing discomfort and encouraging relaxation.
therapeutic windowphrase: The safe blood-level range where a medicine helps most, while lower or higher levels work worse or harm.
therapeutic writingnoun: Writing exercises support therapy by helping people express, explore, and process thoughts, feelings, or experiences.
therapeutistnoun: An older word names a trained practitioner who provides treatment for mental or physical conditions.
therapistnoun: A trained professional who uses therapy to help people with mental or emotional problems.
therapist–patient relationshipnoun: The professional connection between a therapist and client develops during treatment and can influence how therapy proceeds and its results.
Theraplaynoun: A structured therapy uses playful caregiver–child interactions to strengthen attachment and support children’s emotional regulation and communication.
therapynoun: A planned treatment used to improve physical, mental, or behavior problems.
therapy group climatenoun: The emotional and social atmosphere of a therapy group reflects how accepted, tolerated, and free to speak members feel.
therapy outcome researchnoun: Researchers study what changes after therapy, including benefits, difficulties, patient experiences, and effects on everyday life.
therapy puppetnoun: A therapist uses this play figure to help children act out situations and express thoughts or feelings.
therapy supervisionnoun: An experienced therapist guides and evaluates another therapist's clinical work, especially during training.
therblignoun: Work analysts use this standardized category of basic activity, such as grasping or searching, to examine job tasks.
there-and-then approachnoun: This therapy approach explores earlier experiences to understand the origins of a person's present difficulties.
thermal biofeedbacknoun: A temperature sensor gives people feedback about skin warmth to help them practice influencing bodily responses.
thermal comfortnoun: A person's satisfaction with surrounding temperature depends partly on humidity, airflow, clothing, and activity.
thermal discriminationnoun: An organism can sense whether one temperature differs from another.
thermal illusionnoun: A person experiences a temperature sensation that misrepresents the actual warmth or coldness of a stimulus.
thermal sensitivitynoun: An organism can detect warmth and cold, generally in relation to its own body temperature.
thermal stimulationnoun: Applying warmth or cold to skin activates its temperature-sensing processes.
thermalgesianoun: Normally nonpainful warmth produces pain in a person experiencing this unusual sensory response.
thermalgianoun: A person experiences severe pain that has a burning quality.
thermistornoun: This sensor measures temperature through changes in a material's resistance to electrical flow.
thermo- (therm-)prefix: This word part adds the meaning of heat to a word.
thermoanesthesianoun: A person loses the ability to sense heat or to tell warmth from cold through touch.
thermodenoun: Researchers use this device to apply controlled temperatures to body tissue and study its responses.
thermoesthesia (thermesthesia)noun: Sensory receptors allow a person to experience how warm or cold something feels.
thermographynoun: Special imaging methods create maps of body surface temperatures that can help investigate differences in underlying tissue.
thermoreceptornoun: A temperature-sensitive receptor detects warming or cooling, helping produce temperature sensations or regulate internal body warmth.
thermoregulationnoun: Body responses and actions, such as sweating, shivering, or seeking shade, help keep internal temperature within a suitable range.
thesisnoun: A person presents a central claim for discussion, reasoning, or testing.
theta feedbacknoun: Brain activity recordings provide signals about theta rhythms, around four to seven cycles per second, during neurofeedback training.
theta wavenoun: An electrical brain rhythm repeats about four to seven times each second and can occur during drowsiness and sleep.
they-groupnoun: A person views this social group as one they do not belong to or identify with.
thiamine (thiamin)noun: A B vitamin needed for brain and nerve function; too little can cause serious memory and movement problems.
thiazide diureticnoun: This type of medicine lowers blood pressure by increasing the kidneys' removal of salt and water.
thick descriptionnoun: A detailed research account explains behavior through its setting, relationships, and meanings for the people involved.
thick stripesnoun: Broad bands in visual area V2 show increased enzyme activity and process visual input associated with movement and form.
thienobenzodiazepinenoun: A compound in this chemical family shares a basic molecular structure with olanzapine, a medicine used to treat psychosis.
thigmesthesianoun: A person can sense pressure when something presses against their skin.
thin slices of behaviornoun: Very brief samples of someone's actions or speech can sometimes support judgments about that person that outperform guessing.
thin stripesnoun: Narrow bands in visual area V2 show increased enzyme activity and contain neurons involved in processing color.
think-aloud protocolnoun: A written record captures a participant's spoken thoughts while they carry out a task.
thinkingnoun: Using ideas, images, and memories in the mind to imagine, solve problems, or make sense of things.
thinking stylephrase: A person's usual way of taking in information and solving problems across different situations.
thinking throughphrase: Carefully examining your thoughts, feelings, or actions to understand why they happened and what they mean.
thinking typenoun: Jung proposed this personality category for people who mainly evaluate ideas through logical reasoning.
thinningnoun: Gradually giving rewards less often after a behavior has been learned.
thiopentalnoun: A very fast-acting barbiturate, a sedative drug, can quickly cause unconsciousness during anesthesia.
thioridazinenoun: An older antipsychotic drug that can cause sedation, heart rhythm problems, and serious eye damage.
thioxanthenenoun: A medicine in this chemically related antipsychotic family reduces dopamine signaling and can also affect movement and other body functions.
third cranial nervenoun: The oculomotor nerve controls most eye movements, raises the upper eyelid, and helps adjust focus and pupil size.
third momentnoun: The expected cubed value of a variable measures its third moment; using deviations from its mean connects this to skewness.
third quartilenoun: This cutoff marks the 75th percentile, separating roughly the lower three quarters of ordered values from the upper quarter.
third variablephrase: A hidden factor that affects two measured things and can make them seem related.
third ventriclenoun: A narrow chamber between the brain's two thalamic halves contains cerebrospinal fluid and connects with other fluid chambers.
third-party administrator (TPA)noun: An outside organization manages insurance tasks, such as processing claims, without taking on the insurer's financial risk.
third-party payernoun: An organization pays for a person's health services while being separate from both the patient and the care provider.
third-person effectnoun: People tend to believe persuasive media messages influence others more strongly than themselves.
third-person perspectivenoun: An observer examines human behavior and experience from an external viewpoint that aims to be objective.
third-person perspective memorynoun: A person recalls a personal event as though watching themselves from outside their own body.
third-variable modelnoun: In health psychology, this account proposes that shared underlying factors produce an association between personality characteristics and illness.
third-variable problemnoun: Two measured factors may vary together because another factor influences both, making a direct causal explanation uncertain.
thirstnoun: A feeling that makes you want water when your body needs more fluid or salt balance.
Thomas S. class actionnoun: A historical North Carolina group lawsuit secured required supports for psychiatric hospital residents, many with intellectual disabilities and mental illness.
Thomistic psychologynoun: This historical tradition draws on Thomas Aquinas to understand human nature through reason, faith, and free will.
thoracicadjective: Something described this way belongs to the chest region or its associated body structures.
thoracic nervenoun: One of twelve paired spinal nerves from the chest region carries signals between the spinal cord and parts of the trunk.
thoracolumbar systemnoun: This name identifies the sympathetic nervous system, which helps prepare the body for action during stress.
Thorazinenoun: This brand name identifies chlorpromazine, an antipsychotic medicine used to reduce symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions.
Thorndike Puzzle Boxnoun: This research enclosure lets an animal escape by operating a mechanism, allowing researchers to study learning through repeated attempts.
Thorndike–Lorge listnoun: This influential 1944 reference recorded how often English words appeared in sampled texts.
thoughtnoun: Ideas, images, and judgments produced by the mind during thinking.
thought avoidancenoun: A person steers away from unwanted thoughts or other mental experiences, often because they feel unpleasant or conflicting.
thought broadcastingnoun: A person holds the false belief that their private thoughts are spreading outward for others to hear.
thought deprivationnoun: An ongoing train of thinking or speaking suddenly stops, leaving the person unable to continue it momentarily.
thought derailmentnoun: A person's thoughts shift between topics with weak or missing logical connections, often becoming noticeable in speech.
thought disorderphrase: Severely disorganized thinking that disrupts speech or ideas, often seen in schizophrenia and some mood or brain disorders.
thought echoingnoun: An auditory hallucination makes someone's thoughts seem audible, as though a voice were repeating them.
thought experimentnoun: An imagined situation helps someone explore what follows logically from an idea without carrying out a physical test.
thought insertionnoun: A person falsely believes that an outside source has placed thoughts into their mind against their will.
thought intrusionnoun: An unwanted thought, image, or other mental event interrupts ongoing thinking despite attempts to keep it away.
thought monitoringnoun: A person deliberately notices and keeps track of thoughts as they occur.
thought obstructionnoun: Thinking or speaking comes to an abrupt pause that interrupts what the person was about to express.
thought pressurenoun: Many varied ideas arise and move rapidly through the mind, often during mania and alongside unusually rapid speech.
thought processphrase: The mental steps used to reason, remember, imagine, solve problems, and make judgments.
thought recordphrase: A CBT worksheet helps people test upsetting automatic thoughts and replace them with more balanced ones.
thought reformnoun: An organized program uses intense pressure and control to reshape people's beliefs, attitudes, or behavior.
thought samplingnoun: People record thoughts and feelings at selected moments so these experiences can be studied or discussed in therapy.
thought stoppingphrase: Using a cue like saying 'stop' interrupts upsetting thoughts and shifts attention to something calmer or more helpful.
thought suppressionnoun: A person tries to push unwanted thoughts or images out of awareness, which can sometimes make them return more often.
thought transferencenoun: This proposed form of telepathy involves thoughts passing between people without any physical means of communication.
thought withdrawalnoun: A person falsely believes that another person or external force is taking thoughts out of their mind.
thought–action fusion (TAF)noun: This belief treats troubling thoughts as increasing an event's likelihood or as morally equal to performing an imagined act.
threatnoun: Something seen as possible harm to you, your group, or your well-being.
threat appraisalnoun: A person uses thoughts and feelings to judge whether danger is possible and how serious it might be.
threat displaynoun: An animal uses patterned sounds, postures, or movements to signal that aggression may follow.
threat to self-esteem modelnoun: This proposed model explains negative reactions to help when receiving it makes someone feel less capable or worthy.
three-burst patternnoun: During a quick movement toward a target, the driving muscle activates, then its opposing muscle, then the driving muscle again.
three-component theorynoun: This theory explains color vision through combined activity in three cone types that respond differently to light wavelengths.
three-mountains testnoun: Children identify a doll's view of three model mountains in a task designed to study understanding of visual perspectives.
three-parameter modelnoun: This test model predicts correct answers from ability, question difficulty, how well questions distinguish ability levels, and guessing.
three-stage modelphrase: This view says the mind handles information in three steps: taking it in, storing it, and using it.
three-stage samplingnoun: Researchers select a sample through three nested levels, choosing smaller units within the larger units already selected.
three-stage theoryphrase: Learning a skill moves from thinking hard, to smoother practice, to doing it automatically with little attention.
three-stratum model of intelligencenoun: Carroll's theory organizes mental abilities into three levels: specific skills, broader abilities, and an overall intelligence factor.
three-term contingencynoun: A learning relationship links the situation before a behavior, the behavior itself, and the consequence that follows it.
three-way analysis of variancenoun: This statistical method tests how three factors relate to average outcomes, including their separate effects and interactions.
three-way designnoun: An experiment examines three factors together to study their individual effects and interactions on an outcome.
three-way interactionnoun: The way two factors work together to affect an outcome changes depending on a third factor.
thresholdnoun: The smallest amount of a signal needed to notice it or trigger a response.
threshold effectnoun: An outcome begins to change only after an influencing variable reaches a particular level.
threshold modelnoun: A model predicts that an outcome switches states when an influencing variable passes a particular value.
threshold of consciousnessnoun: A stimulus enters awareness when its strength, duration, or personal relevance reaches a sufficient level.
threshold shiftnoun: The level needed to detect something or produce a response changes with conditions such as adaptation or context.
threshold theorynoun: This group theory proposes that conflict can help a group unless it exceeds members' tolerance for too long.
threshold traits analysis (TTA)noun: Specialists assess 33 personal characteristics to establish which ones matter for doing a job adequately.
thrombosisnoun: Clotted blood develops or remains inside a vessel, potentially restricting circulation and affecting the organs it supplies.
thrombotic strokephrase: A brain injury caused when a clot blocks a narrowed artery and cuts off blood flow.
thrombusnoun: A mass of clotted blood forms inside a vessel and can limit the blood flowing through it.
thumb oppositionnoun: The thumb moves toward the fingers, supporting coordinated grasping such as holding something between thumb and forefinger.
thumb suckingnoun: Babies and young children commonly suck their thumbs for pleasure, comfort, or relaxation.
Thurstone attitude scalesnoun: These measures estimate attitudes from endorsed statements whose degrees of favorability were previously rated by judges.
thyminenoun: A chemical base represented by T helps encode genetic information in DNA and pairs with adenine.
thymusnoun: An immune organ behind the upper breastbone helps T cells mature and generally becomes smaller after puberty.
thyro-prefix: This word part usually signals a connection to the thyroid gland in medical vocabulary.
thyroid glandnoun: A neck endocrine gland that makes hormones controlling metabolism, growth, and some calcium levels.
thyroid hormonephrase: Hormones from the thyroid gland help control body energy use and early brain development.
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)noun: A hormone released by the front pituitary signals the thyroid to make and release hormones that regulate metabolism.
thyroplastynoun: Surgeons reshape cartilage in the voice box to adjust vocal fold position or length and improve voice production.
thyrotoxicosisnoun: Excess thyroid hormones cause a condition that can produce nervousness, shaking, heat sensitivity, and a racing heartbeat.
thyrotropinnoun: The anterior pituitary releases this hormone, also called thyroid-stimulating hormone, to encourage thyroid hormone production and release.
thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)noun: This chemical messenger from the hypothalamus prompts the pituitary to release thyroid-stimulating hormone.
thyroxine (T4)noun: This iodine-containing thyroid hormone, also called T4, helps regulate energy use and supports early brain development.
TIAabbreviation: A brief stroke-like episode caused by temporary loss of blood flow to the brain.
tianeptinenoun: This medication is an antidepressant with a modified three-ring chemical structure.
ticnoun: A repeated, sudden movement or sound that a person cannot easily control.
tic disorderphrase: A condition causing repeated sudden movements or sounds many times a day, not caused by illness or medicine.
tic douloureuxnoun: Another name for trigeminal neuralgia, this condition causes sudden episodes of severe facial pain, usually on one side.
tickle experiencenoun: Light touches moving quickly across nearby areas of skin can produce this distinctive sensation.
tight culturephrase: A group or society with strong shared rules and little tolerance for acting differently.
tightrope testnoun: Researchers assess rats' balance by observing them climb an angled wire to reach food.
tigroid bodiesnoun: Also called Nissl bodies, these clusters of ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum help neurons make proteins.
tilt aftereffect (TAE)noun: After prolonged viewing of slanted lines, upright lines can temporarily appear tilted in the opposite direction.
timbrenoun: A sound's distinctive quality lets listeners distinguish sounds even when their pitch and loudness match.
timenoun: The way we place events in past, present, and future and measure how long things last.
time agnosianoun: A person cannot accurately sense elapsed time, often following brain damage, while still understanding that time exists.
time and motion studynoun: Researchers examine a job's separate actions and their duration to improve efficiency, working conditions, or performance standards.
time and rhythm disordersnoun: These speech difficulties disrupt the timing or flow of sounds, including repeated syllables, stretched sounds, and stuttering.
time discountingnoun: People give an outcome less importance or value because it will happen later rather than now.
time distortionnoun: The experienced speed or organization of time differs from clock time, sometimes during altered states of awareness.
time errornoun: The order or timing of sensory experiences biases judgments about their qualities, such as loudness.
time estimationnoun: People and other animals judge how much time has passed to guide expectations and behavior.
time out (TO)phrase: Removing a child from rewards after misbehavior lowers the chance the behavior happens again.
time perspectivenoun: A person's usual way of thinking about past experiences, current life, and future possibilities influences choices and goals.
time samplingnoun: Watching at set or random moments and marking whether a target behavior happens during those brief periods.
time scorenoun: A task receives a numerical result representing how long someone took to finish it.
time sensenoun: Internal rhythms and everyday clues help someone judge durations or the hour without consulting a clock.
time seriesnoun: An ordered collection records repeated measurements of the same characteristic across multiple occasions.
time sharingnoun: Attention switches rapidly among tasks while a person attempts to carry them out during the same period.
time-compressed speechnoun: Recorded speech is shortened by removing tiny portions, increasing its presentation speed for tests of listening and perception.
time-extended therapynoun: This group therapy format uses unusually long meetings, either replacing ordinary sessions or alternating with them.
time-lag designnoun: Researchers compare different groups at the same age but in different years to examine historical or generational differences.
time-lagged correlationnoun: A statistical relationship shows how individuals' earlier measurements correspond to their later measurements of the same characteristic.
time-limited day treatmentnoun: This outpatient program for people with personality disorders uses full-day therapeutic community meetings over a limited period, emphasizing group strengths.
time-limited psychotherapy (TLP)noun: Psychotherapy follows an agreed schedule with a set session count and an established treatment period.
time-of-measurement effectnoun: Social conditions or historical events present during data collection influence the results researchers obtain.
time-out theorynoun: This proposed explanation suggests exercise reduces stress partly by providing a break from stressful situations and concerns.
time-sequential designnoun: Researchers compare multiple age groups across different testing years to investigate age, generation, and historical influences.
time-series analysisnoun: Statistical methods examine repeated measurements across time to identify patterns, account for related observations, and sometimes predict later values.
time-series designphrase: A study design that measures the same people or groups repeatedly over time.
time–location samplingnoun: Researchers recruit people from selected places during selected periods to sample populations that are otherwise difficult to reach.
time–space synesthesianoun: Units of time automatically have consistent spatial positions in a person's experience, such as months arranged around the body.
timed testphrase: A test where how fast you answer affects your final score.
timeless momentnoun: A deeply absorbing experience can suspend ordinary time awareness while creating a strong feeling of connection or unity.
timiditynoun: A tendency toward strong caution or avoidance appears when someone perceives risk, sometimes taking the form of social shyness.
timing-of-events modelnoun: This model proposes that adult development depends partly on whether major life changes occur when socially expected.
tinnitusnoun: A person perceives sounds such as ringing or buzzing without a corresponding sound coming from the surroundings.
tip nodenoun: In a graph representing relationships or search paths, this endpoint has no child nodes extending from it.
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon (TOT phenomenon)noun: You feel sure you know a word but cannot retrieve it, sometimes remembering parts of its sound.
tissuenoun: A body material made of similar cells working together to do a specific job.
tissue damagephrase: Harm to body cells that disrupts normal function and often causes pain.
tit-for-tat strategy (TFT strategy)noun: A participant begins cooperatively, then matches the other participant's previous action in each following interaction.
Titchener circlesnoun: Identical central circles appear different in size when surrounded by circles that are larger or smaller.
titrationnoun: A clinician gradually adjusts medication dosage to find a suitable balance between desired benefits and unwanted effects.
titubationnoun: Brain illness or damage can cause repeated, unintentional head movements that look like nodding.
TLPabbreviation: In time-limited psychotherapy, the therapist and client work within a session schedule and treatment period decided in advance.
TMabbreviation: Short for transcendental meditation, this practice involves sitting quietly with closed eyes and silently repeating a mantra.
TMAabbreviation: Transcortical motor aphasia involves difficulty producing speech independently, although repeating someone else's words remains possible.
TMIabbreviation: Short for transmarginal inhibition, this historical conditioning concept proposes that stimulation beyond a threshold can weaken learned responses.
TMJ syndromenoun: Problems involving the temporomandibular jaw joint or nearby muscles can cause pain, restricted movement, and clicking.
TMSabbreviation: Short for transcranial magnetic stimulation, this technique uses magnetic pulses outside the head to induce electrical activity in brain tissue.
TMTFabbreviation: The temporal modulation transfer function describes how well someone detects changes in stimulus strength at different speeds.
TOabbreviation: Short for time out, this technique briefly removes access to rewards following a behavior to reduce its future occurrence.
to-be-remembered items (TBR items)noun: These are the words, pictures, or other materials that participants are asked to remember during a memory experiment.
tobacconoun: A nicotine-containing plant product used by smoking or chewing that raises health and addiction risks.
tobacco dependencenoun: An informal label describes nicotine dependence involving difficulty stopping tobacco use despite problems caused by continued use.
tobacco use disorderphrase: A pattern of tobacco use where someone cannot easily stop despite cravings, harm, or life problems.
tobacco withdrawalphrase: Symptoms that happen when a person stops or cuts down tobacco after regular use.
Tobit analysisnoun: This statistical method estimates relationships when outcome measurements beyond a boundary are recorded at that boundary.
toe dropnoun: Difficulty raising or directing the toes occurs when the muscles responsible for their movement weaken or stop working.
Tofranilnoun: This brand name identifies imipramine, a medicine in the tricyclic antidepressant group used to treat depression.
toilet trainingnoun: Helping a child learn to recognize bathroom needs and use a toilet for urination and bowel movements.
token economyphrase: A behavior program gives earned tokens for wanted actions, and tokens are later traded for rewards.
token identity theorynoun: This theory proposes that each particular mental event is the same event as a particular physical brain event.
token reinforcernoun: An exchangeable item strengthens behavior because it can later be traded for something the person values.
Token Testnoun: This assessment checks understanding of spoken language through increasingly complicated directions for moving pieces with different colors, shapes, and sizes.
tokenismnoun: A fake show of fairness, such as adding one excluded person to make a group seem unbiased.
tolerancenoun: Showing acceptance and fairness toward people whose beliefs, traits, or ways of life differ from yours.
tolerance intervalnoun: This statistical range is calculated to contain a chosen share of population values with a stated level of confidence.
tolerance limitnoun: This value marks either boundary of a statistical range designed to cover a specified share of population values.
toloachenoun: The plant Datura innoxia contains powerful chemicals that block acetylcholine signaling and can seriously disrupt perception and bodily functions.
toluenenoun: This easily evaporated solvent can produce intoxication when inhaled and can seriously damage the nervous system and other organs.
Tolvonnoun: This brand name identifies mianserin, an antidepressant medicine with actions similar to those of mirtazapine.
tomato effectnoun: An effective treatment is dismissed because its benefits seem incompatible with accepted medical explanations.
tomboyismnoun: This informal label describes girls' interests or behavior that their culture traditionally associates with boys.
tomographynoun: A method that combines images from many angles to show a body part in one slice.
tomomanianoun: This uncommon clinical label describes a compulsive desire to have surgical procedures.
ton-prefix: This word part contributes meanings involving sound, musical tone, tension, or pressure, depending on the word.
tonal attributenoun: A listener's experience of a sound includes qualities such as its pitch, loudness, and distinctive character.
tonal chromanoun: In this usage, the perceived musical pitch places a sound along a scale of notes.
tonal fusionnoun: Several tones heard together blend into one unified sound experience.
tonal gapnoun: A person hears pitches within a particular band poorly or not at all, while hearing pitches above and below it.
tonal islandnoun: A person hears normally within a limited pitch band but has reduced or absent hearing in neighboring bands.
tonal languagenoun: In this kind of language, pitch patterns distinguish words that otherwise have the same speech sounds.
tonal sensationnoun: A hearing experience has a perceived pitch, allowing it to sound higher or lower.
tonal spectrumnoun: This representation separates a sound into its component frequencies, showing their strengths and, for a complete description, their phases.
tonal volumenoun: A sound has a perceived spaciousness, seeming to occupy more or less room in the listener's experience.
tonalitynoun: In this usage, a sound's perceived musical pitch determines where it belongs on a musical scale.
tonenoun: A sound with a clear pitch, such as one used in hearing tests or conditioning studies.
tone colornoun: A sound's distinctive quality lets listeners tell it apart from others with equal pitch and loudness.
tone deafnessnoun: A person has difficulty or cannot tell when musical sounds differ in pitch.
tongue kissnoun: An intimate kiss involves open mouths and contact between the participants' tongues.
tongue tienoun: A short or tight tissue band beneath the tongue restricts its movement and may affect speech.
TONIabbreviation: The Test of Nonverbal Intelligence assesses reasoning through visual problems without requiring spoken or written answers.
tonicadjective: Describing muscles that stay tightened steadily, either normally or during problems such as the stiff phase of a seizure.
tonic activationnoun: Sustained arousal is supported by the reticular formation, a network within the brainstem.
tonic contractionnoun: Ongoing activity among groups of muscle fibers keeps a muscle under sustained tension.
tonic epilepsynoun: This label describes epilepsy whose seizures involve sustained muscle stiffening without a following phase of repeated jerking.
tonic immobilitynoun: An automatic defensive response temporarily leaves an animal or person motionless during an overwhelming threat.
tonic labyrinth reflexnoun: An infant reflex favors limb bending when the head tilts forward and limb straightening when it tilts backward.
tonic pupil of Adienoun: Nerve damage causes a pupil, usually in one eye, to react weakly to light and slowly during near focusing.
tonic receptornoun: A sensory cell keeps sending nerve signals during continued stimulation, with little or only gradual slowing.
tonic reflexnoun: An automatic response maintains muscle tension or produces a contraction that takes a relatively long time to relax.
tonic spasmnoun: A muscle tightens involuntarily and stays contracted instead of repeatedly tightening and relaxing.
tonic–clonic seizurenoun: A seizure causes loss of consciousness with sustained muscle stiffening followed by repeated rhythmic jerking.
tono- (ton-)prefix: This combining word part adds a meaning connected with sound, tone, pressure, or tension.
tonometernoun: An acoustic instrument produces a specified pitch or measures the pitch of a sound.
tonometrynoun: This procedure measures pressure within an eye to help assess conditions such as glaucoma.
tonotopic organizationnoun: Different sound frequencies activate different locations in an orderly pattern across the inner ear and brain's hearing pathways.
tonusnoun: A small amount of ongoing muscle tension remains during rest, helping maintain posture and readiness for movement.
tool designnoun: This human engineering approach creates tools that fit people's abilities and limits, supporting comfort, safety, and effective work.
tool-using behaviornoun: Some nonhuman animals use objects to accomplish tasks, such as reaching food or opening nuts.
tools of intellectual adaptationnoun: In Vygotsky’s theory, children adopt thinking and remembering strategies through interaction with people who have greater skills.
top-down designnoun: Designers use broad principles to shape detailed choices, giving those principles priority over observations and user feedback.
top-down processingphrase: Using what you already know or expect to make sense of new sensory information.
topagnosisnoun: A person can feel contact but cannot identify where on their body it occurred.
topalgianoun: Pain stays within a small body area without an identified injury or damaged tissue explaining it.
Topamaxnoun: This brand of topiramate treats seizures and helps prevent migraines, with possible effects on alertness and thinking.
topdognoun: In Perls’s theory, an internal demanding voice imposes rules and creates conflict when a person fails to meet them.
topectomynoun: A historical psychiatric operation removed selected frontal brain tissue when other treatments had not helped.
topical applicationnoun: Medicine is placed directly onto skin or another body surface so it can act there or enter nearby tissue.
topiramatenoun: A seizure medicine sometimes used for bipolar disorder, migraines, or weight loss, but it can cause sleepiness.
topo- (top-)prefix: This word part adds the meaning of place or position to a larger word.
topoanesthesianoun: A person cannot identify the bodily location of a touch, even when the contact itself can be detected.
topographagnosianoun: A person has difficulty mentally reconstructing familiar places, including how rooms, furniture, or landmarks are arranged.
topographicadjective: Describing a structure by its surface features and how its parts are arranged in space.
topographic modelnoun: Freud proposed that mental life has conscious, preconscious, and unconscious systems, differing in how accessible their contents are.
topographic organizationnoun: Nervous system structures preserve orderly maps of body locations, sensory surfaces, or features such as sound frequency.
topographical amnesianoun: A person has impaired memory for places and how their parts are arranged in space.
topographical disorientationnoun: Difficulty imagining or remembering familiar spatial arrangements makes it hard to describe where rooms, objects, or landmarks belong.
topographical memorynoun: A person remembers where objects are located and how they are arranged relative to one another.
topographical psychologynoun: Some psychological theories describe mental processes by assigning them to proposed regions of the mind.
topography of responsenoun: The observable physical form of behavior includes how long, how forcefully, how far, and where it occurs.
topological psychologynoun: Lewin proposed mapping behavior through relationships among a person’s needs, goals, and perceived attractions or obstacles.
topologynoun: A branch of mathematics studies spatial relationships that remain unchanged when shapes are continuously stretched or bent.
toremifenenoun: A medicine modifies estrogen receptor activity and can block estrogen’s growth signals in certain breast cancers.
torpornoun: A state of extreme sluggishness or inactivity leaves a person responding only to unusually strong stimulation.
Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT)noun: Verbal and drawing tasks assess creative potential through features such as idea variety, originality, and detail.
torsades de pointesnoun: A dangerous, rapid rhythm of the heart’s lower chambers produces a twisting pattern on an electrical recording.
torsionnoun: In vision, the eye rotates around an axis extending from its front to its back.
tortnoun: A harmful wrongful act, other than breaking a contract, that can lead to payment in civil court.
torticollisnoun: Neck muscle contractions hold or repeatedly pull the head into a twisted or tilted position.
torturenoun: Severe physical or mental abuse used to cause pain, fear, or force someone to obey.
TOT phenomenonabbreviation: During the tip-of-the-tongue experience, a familiar word or name feels available but cannot be recalled immediately.
total color blindnessphrase: Seeing the world only in shades of gray, with no ability to detect any color.
total degrees of freedomnoun: For variation around a sample mean, the count of independently varying values equals the observation count minus one.
total effectnoun: In a causal model, one variable’s overall influence on another includes both direct pathways and pathways through intermediate variables.
total hysterectomynoun: A surgical procedure takes out both the main body of the uterus and its cervix.
total immersionnoun: Students learn through a new language across their lessons, with very little use of their first language.
total institutionnoun: An organization tightly controls nearly every part of members’ daily lives within a shared, regulated setting.
total lipodystrophynoun: A medical condition involves widespread absence or severe loss of body fat, either from birth or acquired later.
total quality management (TQM)phrase: A workplace management approach that keeps improving quality by involving employees, using data, and focusing on customer needs.
total recallnoun: An event is remembered with all its details accurately preserved.
total sum of squaresnoun: Overall data variation is measured by squaring each score’s distance from the mean and adding the results.
total variancenoun: All the spread in scores, combining real differences and random measurement error.
total-package arbitrationnoun: A neutral decision maker settles a dispute by choosing one side’s complete proposal without combining parts from competing proposals.
TOTE modelnoun: This model describes checking a goal, acting to reduce any mismatch, checking again, and finishing once the goal is reached.
totemnoun: A community reveres an animal, plant, object, or natural force as a symbol, ancestor, or spiritual protector.
touchnoun: Feeling on the skin when something makes contact, with some body areas noticing it more clearly.
touch blendsnoun: Actively exploring an object combines sensations such as texture, firmness, and moisture into a complex touch experience.
touch fibernoun: A sensory nerve fiber carries signals produced by physical contact, including gentle pressure or stroking.
touch sensenoun: Sensory receptors allow a person to detect contact with their skin, including pressure and gentle stroking.
touch spotnoun: A small patch of skin responds especially strongly to gentle contact.
touch therapynoun: Treatment uses physical contact or body manipulation with the aim of easing pain, encouraging relaxation, or supporting well-being.
toucherismnoun: Sexual arousal comes from touching a stranger’s intimate body areas without their consent, sometimes disguised as accidental contact.
tough lovenoun: A caregiving approach combines concern with firm limits and expectations of responsible behavior, sometimes including seeking professional help.
tough-mindednessnoun: A personality trait marked by low compassion and more aggressive behavior toward other people.
Tourette’s disordernoun: A childhood disorder with repeated movement tics and at least one sound tic lasting over a year.
TOVAabbreviation: A computer assessment measures how consistently someone stays attentive and holds back responses when instructed.
Tower of Hanoinoun: A disk-moving puzzle assesses planning by requiring transfers between pegs while keeping bigger disks beneath smaller ones.
tox- (toxic-; toxo-; toxico-)prefix: This word part adds a meaning connected with poison or poisoning.
toxemia of pregnancynoun: An older name for preeclampsia describes pregnancy-related high blood pressure with signs such as protein in urine.
toxic deliriumnoun: Poisons or harmful drug effects cause sudden confusion and shifting difficulties with attention and awareness.
toxic disordernoun: Exposure to a poisonous substance causes a brain disorder, either after brief exposure or over a longer period.
toxic epidermal necrosisnoun: An extreme reaction, usually triggered by medication, destroys outer skin tissue and can also damage moist body linings.
toxic psychosisnoun: Drugs, poisons, or toxins made within the body cause hallucinations, delusions, or other major disruptions in understanding reality.
toxic relationshipphrase: A harmful pattern between people involving control, disrespect, or abuse that damages well-being.
toxic-metabolic encephalopathynoun: Brain functioning becomes disturbed when harmful substances or problems with the body's chemical processes affect it.
toxicitynoun: How poisonous a substance is, usually depending on the amount taken relative to body weight.
toxicologynoun: The science of harmful substances, how they affect the body, and how to find and treat poisoning.
toxicology screen (tox screen)noun: A laboratory test checks a body sample for selected drugs, poisons, or chemicals left after the body processes them.
toxicomanianoun: An older label describes severe drug dependence or an unusual urge to consume poisonous substances.
toxicosisnoun: Illness results from poisoning, though learning research also uses this word for a taste avoidance learned after sickness.
toxinnoun: A poisonous substance, often made by living things, that can harm or kill cells.
toxo-prefix: This word part adds the meaning of poison or poisoning to a longer word.
toxoplasmosisnoun: Infection with the parasite Toxoplasma gondii can affect the brain and can disrupt development when passed to a fetus.
toy testnoun: An assessor interprets a child's play with toys to explore possible feelings, concerns, or personality features.
TPAabbreviation: A third-party administrator handles insurance tasks for another organization without taking on the financial risk of coverage.
TPDabbreviation: The abbreviation means trance and possession disorder, involving involuntary changes in awareness or identity that cause distress or disrupt functioning.
TPQabbreviation: The Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire measures tendencies toward seeking novelty, avoiding harm, and depending on rewards.
TPTabbreviation: The Tactual Performance Test assesses touch, movement, and memory through blindfolded shape placement followed by drawing from memory.
TQMabbreviation: An approach where everyone in an organization keeps improving work quality to better meet customer needs.
tracenoun: A tiny lasting change in the brain thought to store a memory or learned link.
trace conditioningphrase: A learning method where one cue ends, then after a fixed delay the natural stimulus appears.
trace-decay theorynoun: One explanation of forgetting proposes that memory traces weaken with passing time unless strengthened through use or practice.
tracernoun: A tiny radioactive substance used to track where materials go in the body or brain.
tracheotomynoun: A surgeon makes an opening through the neck into the windpipe to help air reach the lungs.
trachomanoun: An eye infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis can scar the eye's surface and eventually cause blindness.
trackingnoun: Keeping ongoing records to monitor a person's progress, performance, or behavior over time.
tractnoun: A bundle of nerve fibers inside the brain or spinal cord that carries signals between areas.
tractotomynoun: Surgeons cut a selected nerve bundle within the spinal cord or brainstem to block signals passing through it.
trade unionnoun: An organization represents workers when negotiating pay, working conditions, and agreements with their employer.
trademarknoun: A distinctive name, symbol, phrase, or design identifies products as coming from a particular business.
traditionnoun: Shared customs and practices passed down through families, groups, or cultures across generations.
tradition-directedadjective: A person's choices, goals, and values are guided mainly by cultural customs passed down through family generations.
traditional authoritynoun: People accept someone's power to lead because that person holds a respected position within a longstanding social hierarchy.
traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)noun: A healing system originating in China uses practices such as acupuncture and herbs, guided by traditional beliefs about bodily balance.
traditional healernoun: A person trusted in a community who uses cultural healing practices for body, emotions, and social problems.
traditional marriagenoun: A marriage follows the established customs and expectations of the society in which it takes place.
traditional medicinenoun: Healing practices develop within a culture and are passed between generations through shared knowledge and experience.
traditionalismnoun: People maintain inherited cultural, religious, or political customs and beliefs as guides for how to live.
traffickingnoun: Illegal trade involves prohibited goods or the exploitation of people through force, deception, or coercion.
tragedy of the commonsnoun: People pursuing individual benefits can overuse a shared resource, leaving the whole group worse off over time.
Trail Making Test (TMT)noun: A timed assessment uses sequences of connected numbers and alternating numbers and letters to examine attention, speed, and mental flexibility.
trainverb: To teach someone through practice or conditioning to do a behavior or task.
trainabilitynoun: How well a person can learn from training and become skilled at a specific job task.
trainable mentally retardedadjective: An offensive historical education label classified people with moderate intellectual disability as suited mainly to practical skills instruction.
trainernoun: Someone who leads psychology training groups or supervises people learning psychotherapy.
trainingnoun: Planned teaching and practice that help a person become skilled at a particular job or task.
training analysisphrase: Personal psychoanalysis for a future analyst, to teach the method and reduce countertransference, misplaced feelings toward patients.
training evaluationphrase: Checking whether a job training program works well, teaches skills, and helps the organization.
training groupphrase: A small group where people learn about their own behavior by discussing feelings and interactions in the moment.
training lognoun: Athletes record exercise, sleep, eating, and emotional experiences to notice patterns and monitor their training.
training schoolnoun: Historically, these institutions housed people with developmental disabilities, including intellectual disabilities, while providing care, practical instruction, and job preparation.
training studynoun: Researchers teach participants a strategy and then measure their task performance to investigate how instruction affects learning or thinking.
training systems designnoun: Specialists use knowledge about thinking and learning to build and evaluate systems that teach skills and support their later use.
training validitynoun: A training program's success is judged by how well learners perform on tasks included within that program.
traitnoun: A fairly stable personal quality that helps explain how someone usually thinks, feels, or acts.
trait anxietynoun: A relatively lasting tendency makes someone more likely to feel anxious and interpret situations as threatening.
trait negativity biasnoun: Unfavorable personality features receive more weight than favorable ones when people form impressions or explain someone's motives.
trait organizationnoun: A person's personality features relate to one another and combine into a distinctive overall pattern.
trait profilephrase: A chart that shows a person's scores on different personality traits on one easy-to-compare scale.
trait ratingnoun: An observer judges how strongly a person shows a particular behavioral or personality feature and records that judgment.
trait ruminationnoun: A lasting tendency to revisit upsetting thoughts and feelings is linked with more persistent or severe depression and anxiety.
trait self-focusnoun: A person habitually directs attention toward their own thoughts, feelings, wishes, and needs across different situations.
trait theorynoun: An approach explains personality through relatively lasting characteristics that differ across people and influence behavior across situations.
trait theory of leadershipnoun: An approach explains leadership success partly through relatively lasting personal qualities, including abilities and personality features.
trait validitynoun: Evidence shows how accurately a test measures the particular personality characteristic it is intended to assess.
trait–treatment interaction (TTI)noun: The effect of an intervention or teaching method varies depending on the personal characteristics of those receiving it.
trajectories of dyingnoun: These patterns describe the pace and duration of a person's progression through serious illness or injury toward death.
trajectorynoun: The path a person's development, behavior, or symptoms follow as they change over time.
trajectory analysisnoun: Researchers or clinicians estimate how a disease may develop over time using factors that could shape its course and outcome.
trancenoun: An altered state of awareness involves reduced attention or responsiveness to surroundings and may include changes in experienced control.
trance and possession disorder (TPD)noun: Involuntary episodes alter awareness or identity, causing serious distress or difficulty functioning beyond experiences accepted within the person's culture.
trance disordernoun: Involuntary trance episodes alter awareness of surroundings while usual identity remains, causing distress or impairment outside culturally accepted practices.
trance logicnoun: During hypnosis, people may accept conflicting thoughts or perceptions together without noticing that they do not fit.
tranquilizernoun: A medicine can ease anxiety by reducing worried feelings and the body's signs of tension.
tranquilizer chairnoun: Early psychiatrists used this wooden restraint chair with body straps and a head enclosure as a supposed treatment.
transactionnoun: An exchange or interaction between a person and other people or the surrounding situation.
transactional analysis (TA)noun: Eric Berne's personality theory and therapy examines interactions through parent, adult, and child states, recurring social patterns, and life scripts.
transactional contingent rewardnoun: One person promises another a reward if that person completes an agreed action or achieves a particular result.
transactional evaluationnoun: This approach uses systems thinking to introduce organizational changes while reducing disruption and participants' feelings of threat or defensiveness.
transactional leadershipphrase: Leaders motivate by trading rewards or penalties for workers' meeting clear tasks and rules.
transactional model of developmentnoun: This framework explains development through ongoing exchanges in which a person's biological characteristics and changing surroundings influence each other.
transactional model of stress and copingnoun: This theory explains stress responses through judgments about threats, available coping abilities, and efforts to manage events or emotions.
transactional psychotherapynoun: This kind of therapy focuses on a person's everyday exchanges with other people and how those exchanges affect difficulties.
transactionalismnoun: This approach views people and their surroundings as continually shaping one another through ongoing exchanges.
transactive memory systemnoun: Group members remember different information and rely on knowing which person can supply each needed piece.
transcendencenoun: A state of awareness or being that seems beyond normal understanding or everyday experience.
transcendence neednoun: Erich Fromm proposed that people need to move beyond passive existence by creating or destroying, seeking meaning and purpose.
transcendence therapynoun: Adrian van Kaam's spiritually focused therapy seeks inner peace by helping people understand their place within life's larger whole.
transcendent counselingnoun: Frederick Harper's counseling approach proposes that changing behavior requires changing lifestyle, using methods such as meditation, exercise, and interpersonal counseling.
transcendental meditation (TM)noun: This meditation practice involves silently repeating a mantra while sitting with closed eyes, aiming for relaxed awareness.
transcendental statenoun: A proposed level of consciousness beyond ordinary waking, sleep, or hypnosis is described as deeply peaceful with reduced bodily activity.
transcendentalismnoun: This philosophical view holds that deepest reality extends beyond what the senses or scientific observation can reveal.
transcorticaladjective: Describes nerve signals traveling from one area of the brain's outer layer to another.
transcortical aphasianoun: A language problem from brain damage outside key speech areas leaves repetition okay but harms speaking alone, understanding, or both.
transcortical motor aphasia (TMA)phrase: People struggle to start speaking but can repeat words, usually after damage just in front of Broca's area.
transcortical sensory aphasia (TSA)phrase: A language problem where speech is repeated well but other people's words are not understood.
transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)noun: A weak, steady electrical current passes through electrodes on the scalp to influence how readily brain cells become active.
transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD)noun: This test uses sound waves sent through the skull to measure blood speed in major brain arteries without surgery.
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)phrase: A noninvasive treatment uses magnetic pulses outside the scalp to briefly change activity in targeted brain areas.
transcriptionnoun: When a cell copies DNA instructions into messenger RNA, which later guides protein building.
transcultural psychotherapynoun: This psychodynamic therapy considers how culture shapes a person's emotions, motivations, and behavior when understanding and addressing psychological difficulties.
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulationnoun: Small pads on the skin deliver gentle electrical pulses to nerves, aiming to reduce pain signals and discomfort.
Transderm-Scopnoun: This brand of scopolamine medicine is delivered through a skin patch and is used to help prevent motion sickness.
transdermal patchnoun: An adhesive patch gradually delivers medicine across the skin and into circulating blood.
transducernoun: A device or biological system changes incoming energy into a different form, as sensory cells do.
transductionnoun: Changing light, sound, or chemicals into nerve signals that sensory receptor cells can send to the brain.
transductive reasoningphrase: Young children may link two unrelated events because they happen together, without using logical rules.
transectionnoun: A cut across a structure severs it, as when researchers cut across a nerve pathway.
transfernoun: Using what was learned in one situation to help in a similar new one.
transfer by generalizationnoun: A person applies broad skills or rules learned in one area to problems in a very different area.
transfer function modelnoun: In statistics, this model predicts measurements over time using current and earlier measurements from other changing series.
transfer of principlesnoun: General rules or thinking skills learned in one setting are applied to challenges in a different field.
transfer of trainingphrase: Earlier learning changes how well someone learns a new task, helping or getting in the way.
transfer RNAnoun: This RNA molecule brings a particular amino acid to the cell's protein assembly machinery, matching it to the genetic instructions.
transfer validitynoun: A training program's success is judged by how well learners use its lessons in their actual jobs.
transfer-appropriate processingnoun: This theory predicts better remembering when the mental operations used during learning match those needed during later recall or recognition.
transferasenoun: An enzyme in this group speeds chemical reactions that move an atom or chemical group between molecules.
transferencenoun: In therapy, old feelings about important people get unconsciously aimed at the therapist instead.
transference analysisphrase: A therapist closely examines how a client repeats old relationship feelings and patterns toward the therapist.
transference curenoun: Psychoanalytic theory describes sudden apparent improvement as a possible unconscious way to avoid exploring difficult problems in therapy.
transference distortionnoun: In psychoanalytic theory, past relationships or unconscious expectations can lead someone to misunderstand a person in the present.
transference neurosisnoun: Psychoanalytic theory proposes that early conflicts reappear as symptoms and emotional reactions within the client's relationship with the analyst.
transference remissionnoun: An abrupt easing of symptoms is interpreted in psychoanalysis as sometimes protecting a person from facing unresolved problems in therapy.
transference resistancenoun: In psychoanalysis, feelings carried from earlier relationships onto the analyst may obstruct exploration through silence or acting on those feelings.
transformationnoun: Changing something into a new form, often by using a math rule to make test scores comparable.
transformation theorynoun: This biological hypothesis holds that a species can become a different species through changes across many generations.
transformational generative grammarnoun: This language theory proposes rules that turn underlying sentence structures into spoken or written forms by rearranging, adding, or removing parts.
transformational leadershipphrase: An inspiring way of leading that raises workers' motivation and confidence around shared, challenging goals.
transformational rulesnoun: In a language theory, these rules change underlying sentence structures by shifting, inserting, or removing parts to produce expressed sentences.
transgenderadjective: Describes people whose gender identity or expression differs from the sex they were assigned at birth.
transgenerational designnoun: This approach creates objects and places that people with different ages and abilities can use comfortably.
transgenerational patternsnoun: Ways of acting or personality traits recur among family members belonging to different generations.
transgenicadjective: An organism has had a gene from elsewhere, or an altered gene, deliberately added to its genetic material.
transiencenoun: A sense that things will not last may come with expecting their loss.
transient global amnesia (TGA)phrase: A brief episode of severe memory loss causing repeated questions and poor new learning, usually clearing within a day.
transient ischemic attack (TIA)phrase: A brief stroke-like episode caused by a temporary drop in brain blood flow that fully clears within 24 hours.
transient monocular blindnessnoun: Vision in a single eye temporarily disappears and then returns, with several possible underlying causes.
transient tic disordernoun: This historical diagnosis described frequent involuntary movements or sounds lasting at least four weeks but less than one year.
transient tremornoun: A temporary episode of involuntary shaking affects the body or one of its parts.
transition probabilitynoun: This number gives the likelihood that a system's next condition will be a particular one, given its current condition.
transitional bilingual educationnoun: Students initially learn through two languages, then move toward lessons entirely in their newer language as their fluency grows.
transitional employmentnoun: Temporary jobs in ordinary workplaces help people facing employment barriers build skills and experience for lasting work.
transitional livingnoun: A supervised home setting helps people move from hospital care toward managing everyday life more independently.
transitional objectnoun: A child’s chosen comfort item helps them feel secure while separated from a familiar caregiver.
transitional phenomenonnoun: In Winnicott’s theory, an inner representation connects someone’s personal experience with the outside world.
transitive inference tasknoun: A reasoning exercise tests whether someone can work out an unseen relationship using relationships they already know.
transitivismnoun: A mistaken belief leads someone to assume other people share their symptoms or personal characteristics.
transitivitynoun: A relationship has this property when two linked comparisons guarantee a matching relationship between the first and third elements.
translationnoun: Changing a message from one language or code into another form while keeping the original meaning.
translation and back-translationnoun: One person translates an assessment, and another independently translates it back so researchers can check for changes in meaning.
translational researchnoun: Research connects basic scientific discoveries with practical care, while using real treatment experiences to guide new scientific questions.
translocationnoun: A piece of DNA breaks off one chromosome and attaches to another, causing a chromosome mutation, or change.
transmarginal inhibition (TMI)noun: A proposed conditioning threshold marks where stronger stimulation can weaken a learned response instead of strengthening it.
transmissionnoun: The passing of signals, traits, or customs from one source or generation to another.
transmitternoun: A chemical messenger that carries signals from one nerve cell to another.
transmuting internalizationnoun: In self psychology, personal growth may occur as therapy acknowledges early failures to understand and respond to someone’s feelings.
transneural degenerationnoun: A nerve cell deteriorates because another cell connected to it through a synapse has died.
transneuronal degenerationnoun: The death of one nerve cell causes deterioration in another nerve cell connected to it by a synapse.
transorbital lobotomynoun: A historical psychiatric operation cut connections in the brain’s frontal region using an instrument inserted through an eye socket.
transparencynoun: Open, honest sharing with little effort to manage how other people see you.
transpersonal psychologynoun: A branch of humanistic psychology explores unusual awareness and experiences felt to extend beyond a person’s individual identity.
transplacental transmissionnoun: An infection passes from a pregnant person to the developing fetus through the placenta.
transplantationnoun: Surgery moves tissue or an organ to another body location or transfers it from a donor to someone else.
transporternoun: A protein in a cell’s outer membrane moves substances across it, including chemical messengers used by nerve cells.
transpositionnoun: After learning how items compare, a learner uses that comparison rule when faced with different items.
transposition of affectnoun: An emotion connected with one idea or object shifts to another, unrelated idea or object.
transsexualismnoun: An outdated label describes having a gender identity that differs from the sex recorded at birth.
transsynaptic degenerationnoun: A neuron breaks down following the death of another neuron with which it shares a synaptic connection.
transtentorial herniationnoun: High pressure inside the skull forces brain tissue through an opening in the tentorium, potentially compressing the brainstem.
transtheoretical model (TTM)phrase: Describes behavior change as moving through stages, with different helpers working best at each step.
transverse planenoun: An imagined horizontal slice separates a body or brain into a top section and a bottom section.
transvestic fetishismnoun: An outdated diagnostic label described sexual arousal from wearing women’s clothing in heterosexual men.
transvestismnoun: An outdated, sometimes offensive label describes wearing clothes culturally associated with a gender other than one’s own.
Tranxenenoun: A brand name identifies clorazepate, a long-lasting benzodiazepine medication used for anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and certain seizures.
tranylcyprominenoun: An antidepressant drug that blocks monoamine oxidase, raising brain chemicals like serotonin and norepinephrine.
trapezoid bodynoun: Nerve pathways running across the pons connect hearing centers and carry sound information through the brainstem.
traumanoun: A deeply upsetting event can cause lasting fear and changes in behavior, memory, or how safe the world feels.
trauma management therapynoun: Developed for combat veterans, this PTSD program combines trauma education, exposure practice, and group work on emotions and relationships.
trauma-focused cognitive behavior therapyphrase: A short treatment for traumatized children that changes harmful thoughts, builds coping skills, and includes caregivers.
traumagenicadjective: This describes processes through which traumatic experiences may produce lasting psychological difficulties, including mental disorders.
traumagenic psychosisnoun: A severe, temporary reaction to trauma involves experiences such as hallucinations or strongly held false beliefs.
traumatic brain injury (TBI)phrase: A head injury from an outside force that disrupts brain function, causing temporary or lasting thinking, behavior, or body problems.
traumatic disordernoun: A physical or mental disorder develops as a result of bodily injury or psychological trauma.
traumatic encephalopathynoun: A serious brain injury leads to widespread problems in brain function or structure, often affecting mental abilities.
traumatic fistulanoun: An injury creates an abnormal passage connecting internal organs or linking an organ with the body’s exterior.
traumatic griefnoun: Intense distress after a loved person dies, often unexpectedly, can include shock, numbness, and difficulty finding meaning.
traumatic gynecologic fistulanoun: An injury creates an abnormal opening between the vagina and a nearby organ, sometimes following sexual violence.
traumatic hemorrhagenoun: A serious injury to the brain damages blood vessels, causing bleeding within brain tissue.
traveling salesperson problem (TSP)noun: A route puzzle asks for the shortest round trip visiting every listed location once, helping researchers study problem solving.
traveling wavenoun: Sound produces a moving vibration along the inner ear’s basilar membrane, with its peak location depending on sound frequency.
traveling wave theorynoun: An explanation of hearing links sound frequency to where a moving vibration peaks along the basilar membrane.
trazodonenoun: An antidepressant affects serotonin signaling and can cause sleepiness, which also leads to its use for sleep difficulties.
Treacher Collins syndromenoun: A genetic condition changes facial bone development and may affect hearing, while intelligence is usually unaffected.
treatmentnoun: Care such as medicine, therapy, or surgery used to improve a disorder or illness.
treatment adherencenoun: A person follows an agreed care plan, with practical access, understanding, beliefs, and side effects affecting their ability to continue.
treatment auditnoun: A repeated review checks care resources, delivery, and results, then uses the findings to maintain or improve services.
treatment biasnoun: Personal traits unfairly affect someone's care, or unsupported preferences shape opinions about therapies and those providing them.
treatment effectphrase: How much the study's intervention changes the outcome being measured, often summarized with an effect size.
treatment effectiveness evaluationnoun: An assessment checks how well a treatment meets goals or standards chosen before its results are judged.
treatment facilityphrase: A place where people get short-term or long-term help for mental or physical health problems.
treatment integritynoun: The care actually delivered matches the procedures and components specified in the intended treatment plan.
treatment levelnoun: A particular version or amount of an experimental condition is assigned to a participant or group.
treatment outcome researchnoun: Studies investigate whether interventions help, how their results compare, and what produces beneficial changes.
treatment planphrase: After assessment, a therapist's written goals and steps for helping a client with a problem.
treatment process researchnoun: Studies examine how actions and experiences during treatment bring about changes in behavior.
treatment protocolphrase: A set of formal steps a therapist follows when using a specific kind of psychotherapy.
treatment refusalnoun: A patient or client declines an offered medical or psychological intervention.
treatment resistancephrase: When a disorder does not improve much even after appropriate treatment is tried.
treatment trialphrase: A study tests whether a new treatment works, causes harm, and beats an existing treatment.
treatment validitynoun: An assessment has this quality when it helps identify who may benefit from a particular intervention.
treatment variablenoun: A factor whose influence on an outcome researchers examine serves as the study’s independent variable.
treatment withholdingphrase: Stopping medical care when it will not cure the person or ease symptoms.
treatment-seeking behaviornoun: Actions taken to obtain professional care address a health concern or aim to improve mental or physical functioning.
treenoun: A branching diagram shows items connected in levels, with only one route linking any two points.
tree diagramnoun: A branching drawing organizes possible outcomes, their probabilities, relationships, or stages in a process.
tremornoun: An involuntary shaking of the body or one part, caused by nerve, mental, or drug problems.
trend analysisphrase: A statistical method that looks for steady patterns in data, such as increases over time, to help predict what comes next.
trend studynoun: Researchers repeatedly sample a population over time to examine how its characteristics or behavior change.
trephinationnoun: A surgical operation removes a circular piece of skull bone, with examples dating to prehistoric times.
treppenoun: A rested skeletal muscle produces progressively stronger contractions when it receives repeated, identical stimulation.
TRHabbreviation: Thyrotropin-releasing hormone is a hypothalamic chemical messenger that prompts the pituitary gland to release thyroid-stimulating hormone.
triadnoun: Three related people or elements that work together and affect one another.
triad training modelnoun: A counseling trainee practices with a client and role-players who voice the client’s supportive and resistant inner reactions.
triagenoun: Sorting people by how urgent their needs are so each gets the most suitable available treatment.
trialnoun: One chance for a participant to do a task or get a stimulus in a study.
trial consultantnoun: A social scientist helps lawyers prepare for court through work such as witness preparation, jury research, and trial planning.
trial designnoun: A research plan sets out how a clinical study will evaluate whether a treatment works.
trial lessonnoun: A short teaching session helps assess how a child learns and which teaching approaches might support them.
trial marriagenoun: A couple lives together for a limited period to explore whether marriage would suit their relationship.
trial therapynoun: Planned initial treatment sessions help assess a client’s readiness and whether the therapist’s approach fits their needs.
trial-and-error learningphrase: Learning happens by trying different actions until one works, then using that successful action sooner next time.
triangular testnoun: A sequential statistical test evaluates accumulating trial data against triangular decision boundaries to determine when enough evidence permits stopping.
triangular theory of lovenoun: Sternberg proposed that different kinds of love reflect different combinations of intimacy, passion, and commitment.
triangulationnoun: In families, pulling in a third person during conflict; in research, checking an idea with several sources.
triarchic theory of intelligencenoun: Sternberg proposed that intelligence involves partly distinct analytical, creative, and practical abilities applied to experience and everyday environments.
Triavilnoun: This brand pairs amitriptyline, an antidepressant, with perphenazine, an antipsychotic, to treat depression occurring alongside anxiety.
triazolamnoun: A benzodiazepine medication with brief effects promotes sleep and is also used for anxiety during dental procedures.
tribadenoun: An older label describes a woman who experiences sexual pleasure through genital rubbing with another woman.
tribarnoun: An impossible visual figure depicts three apparently solid bars joined into a triangle that cannot exist as shown.
TRICAREnoun: A United States military health coverage program helps eligible service members, retirees, and family members obtain care.
tricho- (trich-)prefix: This word part means hair or a structure that resembles hair.
trichobezoarnoun: A lump of swallowed hair collects in the stomach and can interfere with digestion or block the digestive tract.
trichomegaly-retinal degeneration syndromenoun: A rare condition involves unusually long eyelashes, short height, progressive retinal damage, and possible movement, learning, and developmental difficulties.
trichophagianoun: Repeatedly eating hair from oneself or others can lead to a dangerous buildup of hair in the stomach.
trichotillomanianoun: A mental health condition involves repeated hair pulling that causes hair loss, difficulty stopping, and significant distress or disruption.
trichromatic theoryphrase: Color vision works through three cone types in the retina, each most sensitive to red, green, or blue light.
trichromatismnoun: Color vision depends on three kinds of cone photopigment, each responding most strongly to a different range of light wavelengths.
tricyclic antidepressant (TCA)phrase: An older antidepressant drug class that raises brain messenger levels by blocking their reuptake, or reabsorption.
Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ)noun: Cloninger’s self-report questionnaire measures three temperament traits: seeking novelty, avoiding harm, and depending on rewards.
tridimensional theory of feelingnoun: Wundt’s historical account places feelings on three scales: pleasure to displeasure, excitement to calm, and arousal to relaxation.
trier of factnoun: A judge or jury evaluates evidence in court and decides which disputed facts have been established.
trifluoperazinenoun: A conventional antipsychotic medication treats schizophrenia mainly by blocking dopamine D2 receptors, which receive chemical signals in the brain.
trigeminal chemoreceptionnoun: Chemicals activate trigeminal nerve endings inside the nose, producing sensations such as cooling, warmth, tingling, or stinging.
trigeminal nervenoun: The fifth cranial nerve carries much of the face’s sensory information and controls muscles involved in chewing.
trigeminal neuralgianoun: A nerve pain condition causes sudden episodes of intense facial pain, usually on one side along the trigeminal nerve.
trigeminal nucleusnoun: A cluster of nerve cells associated with the trigeminal nerve processes facial sensations or helps control chewing.
trigeminal rhizotomynoun: A surgical procedure interrupts sensory fibers at the trigeminal nerve root to reduce severe facial pain.
triggernoun: Something in the environment that sets off a response, such as a memory, feeling, or action.
trigger featurenoun: A particular aspect of a stimulus can activate a neuron that responds to that feature.
trigger zonenoun: An especially responsive area of a cell or brain structure can initiate a reaction when stimulation reaches its threshold.
triggering causenoun: An event or stimulus sets off the immediate beginning of a behavioral problem.
trigramnoun: A three-letter group serves as memory material, or a three-item language sequence supports studying how earlier items predict later ones.
trigraphnoun: Three letters or written symbols work together to represent one speech sound.
trihexyphenidylnoun: An acetylcholine-blocking medication reduces certain Parkinson-like movement problems, including those caused by antipsychotic treatment.
triiodothyronine (T3)noun: An iodine-containing thyroid hormone, abbreviated T3, helps regulate energy use throughout the body and supports early brain development.
Trilafonnoun: This brand name identifies perphenazine, a conventional antipsychotic medication used to treat schizophrenia.
trimesternoun: One of the three roughly three-month stages of a human pregnancy.
trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA)noun: A synthetic drug related to amphetamine stimulates the central nervous system and has reported hallucinogenic effects.
trimipraminenoun: A medication in the tricyclic antidepressant family is used to treat depression and can cause drowsiness.
trimmed meanphrase: An average found after dropping the same number of highest and lowest scores from a set.
trimmingnoun: Researchers remove a chosen proportion of the lowest and highest observations before calculating a statistic to reduce extreme values’ influence.
trinucleotide repeatnoun: A sequence of three DNA or RNA building blocks repeats directly beside itself, sometimes expanding enough to disrupt a gene’s function.
tripnoun: An episode of drug-caused altered perception, such as seeing unreal things, after using LSD-like hallucinogens.
tripa idanoun: Another name for susto describes culturally understood distress after fright, sometimes explained as the soul leaving the body.
tripartite model of attitudesnoun: This theory proposes that attitudes combine feelings, beliefs, and past actions or future intentions toward something.
triphasic patternnoun: During a quick movement toward a target, the main muscle activates, its opposing muscle follows, and the main muscle activates again.
triple blindadjective: A study uses this procedure when participants, interacting researchers, and data analysts do not know participants’ assigned experimental conditions.
triple-code model of imagerynoun: This theory proposes that mental imagery improves performance through imagined sensations, bodily responses, and the image’s personal meaning.
triple-X conditionnoun: A chromosome variation involving an extra X chromosome usually occurs in females and may involve mild developmental or learning differences.
triptannoun: A migraine medicine activates particular serotonin receptors, helping narrow brain blood vessels and reduce migraine symptoms.
trisomynoun: Having three copies of one chromosome instead of the usual two in a cell.
trisomy 13noun: An extra copy of chromosome 13 causes a genetic condition involving major developmental differences and serious health problems.
trisomy 18noun: A genetic condition caused by an extra chromosome 18, usually leading to severe birth defects and early death.
trisomy 21noun: A genetic condition caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21, often linked to intellectual disability and distinct physical traits.
trisomy Xnoun: An extra X chromosome creates a genetic variation, usually in females, with effects ranging from unnoticed to developmental difficulties.
tritanopianoun: A rare color vision difference reduces short-wavelength sensitivity, making certain colors, especially blue and green, difficult to distinguish.
triune brainnoun: An outdated theory proposed three evolutionary brain layers, labeled reptilian, early mammalian, and newer mammalian.
trochlear nervenoun: The fourth pair of cranial nerves sends movement signals to each eye’s superior oblique muscle.
troilismnoun: Sexual participation may involve watching one’s partner with another person or sharing sexual activity among three people.
trolandnoun: A unit of retinal illumination combines the brightness of a viewed surface with the area of the pupil.
trophicadjective: This describes nourishment and growth support, including processes that maintain nerve cells rather than carry their electrical signals.
trophic hormonenoun: In this usage, a hormone released from the pituitary’s front portion controls hormone output by other glands.
trophic nervenoun: A nerve with this function helps regulate the nourishment of body tissue.
trophotropicadjective: This describes a tendency or capacity for rest and rebuilding energy reserves.
tropianoun: An eye alignment difference is present when both eyes are open but do not point together at the same target.
tropic hormone (trophic hormone)noun: A messenger hormone from the pituitary’s front portion regulates how other endocrine glands produce and release hormones.
tropismnoun: A living thing changes its orientation in response to light, gravity, or another environmental signal while remaining in place.
troposmianoun: An actual odor smells distorted, often making something usually pleasant or neutral seem unpleasant.
tropotaxisnoun: An organism follows a straight course toward something producing a signal, such as an appealing scent.
truancynoun: Repeated skipping of school without permission, especially before age 13, can signal conduct disorder.
true experimentphrase: Participants are randomly placed into treatment or control groups so researchers can test cause and effect accurately.
true precocious pubertynoun: Puberty begins unusually early, with reproductive glands maturing along with sex hormone levels and other physical changes.
true schizophrenianoun: A historical label described gradually emerging, early schizophrenia that was believed to worsen permanently and offer little prospect of recovery.
true scorephrase: The person's actual level of the trait, apart from random measurement error.
true selfnoun: Some personality theories propose an authentic set of personal possibilities that can develop under supportive social and cultural conditions.
true variancenoun: The spread of underlying scores reflects actual differences in what is measured, excluding variation introduced by measurement error.
true–false testnoun: An assessment asks people to judge each presented statement by choosing between true and false.
Truman Show delusionnoun: A person firmly but mistakenly believes their life is a broadcast show and people around them are performing assigned roles.
truncated dataphrase: Data made by purposely leaving out all values below or above chosen limits, unlike censoring where values are merely unknown.
truncated distributionnoun: A distribution excludes observations falling below a chosen lower boundary, above an upper boundary, or outside both.
trustnoun: Confidence that someone or something will be reliable and do what is expected.
trust exercisenoun: A group activity aims to build confidence in others by giving participants opportunities to depend on their support.
trust versus mistrustphrase: In Erikson's first stage, babies learn whether caregivers make the world feel safe and dependable.
truth biasnoun: People tend to accept another person’s statements as honest when they lack evidence about whether those statements are accurate.
truth serumnoun: An informal name describes drugs historically used to reduce restraint and encourage talking, although they cannot guarantee truthful statements.
truth valuenoun: In logic, a statement receives a status such as true or false, depending on the system being used.
tryptaminenoun: A chemical made from tryptophan occurs in living things and may help nerve cells communicate in the brain.
tryptamine derivativenoun: A substance chemically based on tryptamine can affect mental activity, with some members producing major changes in perception.
tryptophannoun: An essential dietary amino acid used to make serotonin and melatonin in the body.
tryptophan hydroxylasenoun: An enzyme converts tryptophan into 5-hydroxytryptophan, performing the initial chemical step that helps control how quickly serotonin is produced.
TSAabbreviation: Short for transcortical sensory aphasia, this language difficulty limits understanding of spoken words while leaving repetition relatively preserved.
TSCSabbreviation: The Tennessee Self-Concept Scale uses people’s ratings of statements to assess how they view themselves across different areas of life.
TSDabbreviation: Short for Tay–Sachs disease, this inherited condition involves an enzyme shortage that allows fatty substances to accumulate and damage nerve cells.
TSHabbreviation: Short for thyroid-stimulating hormone, this pituitary messenger prompts the thyroid to make and release its hormones.
TSPabbreviation: The traveling salesperson problem asks someone to find the shortest route visiting every required stop and returning to the starting point.
TSSabbreviation: The total sum of squares measures overall variation by adding the squared differences between individual values and their average.
TTAabbreviation: Short for threshold traits analysis, this hiring method uses expert ratings to identify personal qualities needed for acceptable job performance.
TTCTabbreviation: These assessments explore creative potential using writing and drawing activities that examine how people produce and develop ideas.
TTIabbreviation: Short for trait–treatment interaction, this occurs when an intervention’s effects differ depending on a person’s characteristics.
TTMabbreviation: A short name for the transtheoretical model, which maps how people move through stages of behavior change.
TTRabbreviation: Short for type–token ratio, this measure divides the count of distinct words by the total word count in a sample.
TTSabbreviation: Short for temporary threshold shift, this describes a reversible change in the weakest sound or visual signal someone can detect.
TTXabbreviation: Short for tetrodotoxin, this toxin prevents nerve impulses by blocking sodium channels that normally open in response to voltage changes.
TTYabbreviation: Short for text telephone, this device sends typed messages over telephone lines to support communication for people with hearing or speech differences.
tubal ligationnoun: A surgical method of contraception closes or interrupts the fallopian tubes to prevent eggs and sperm from meeting.
tubal pregnancynoun: A fertilized egg attaches inside a fallopian tube instead of developing in the uterus.
tubectomynoun: A surgeon removes either one fallopian tube or both through an operation also called salpingectomy.
tuberculous meningitisnoun: This illness develops when tuberculosis bacteria infect protective membranes around the central nervous system, making those membranes inflamed.
tuberoinfundibular tractnoun: A dopamine pathway from the hypothalamus helps limit the pituitary gland's release of prolactin, a hormone involved in milk production.
tuberomammillary nucleusnoun: A group of hypothalamus neurons releases histamine to help keep the brain awake and alert.
tubular visionnoun: A narrowed visual field reduces side vision while leaving a central area visible.
tufted cellnoun: A neuron in the olfactory bulb receives smell signals and helps pass them onward for further processing.
TUIabbreviation: A tangible user interface lets people control digital information by handling physical objects.
TUITsabbreviation: These mental pictures and ideas concern topics unrelated to whatever activity a person is currently doing.
Tukey test of additivitynoun: A statistical test checks whether two factors show a particular interaction instead of simply adding their separate effects.
Tukey–Kramer procedurenoun: A statistical method compares every pair of group averages with unequal sample sizes while controlling the overall false positive risk.
Tukey’s honestly significant difference test (Tukey’s HSD test)noun: A statistical method compares every pair of group averages while controlling the chance of any false positive across those comparisons.
tulipmanianoun: A Dutch tulip trading boom ended in 1637; the name also describes investment crazes involving sharply inflated prices.
tumescencenoun: Body tissue becomes swollen, including when increased blood flow enlarges the penis or clitoris during sexual arousal.
tumornoun: An abnormal mass of body tissue caused by cells growing and dividing out of control.
tuning curvenoun: A graph shows how a neuron's response or sensitivity varies as a stimulus feature, such as sound frequency, changes.
tunnel visionnoun: Reduced vision around the edges of the visual field leaves sight concentrated toward the center.
turbinatenoun: A curved bony shelf inside the nose redirects moving air, helping it reach the cells that detect smells.
Turing machinenoun: An imaginary computing device follows fixed rules to read and write symbols on a tape with unlimited available space.
Turing testnoun: A proposed test of machine intelligence asks whether a human judge can distinguish a computer from a person through written conversation.
turn takingnoun: People or other animals alternate their actions during an interaction, such as speaking, playing, or grooming.
Turner syndromenoun: A genetic condition in females caused by a missing X chromosome, often leading to short height and infertility.
turnovernoun: How many workers leave a workplace over a certain time period.
TUTsabbreviation: Task-unrelated thoughts are ideas that concern something other than what a person is currently doing.
twelfth cranial nervenoun: The hypoglossal nerve carries movement commands from the brainstem to most tongue muscles, supporting speaking and swallowing.
twelve-step programnoun: A recovery approach uses twelve guiding steps, mutual support, personal reflection, and often spiritual beliefs to address addiction or compulsive behavior.
twilight statenoun: A historical clinical description involves temporarily clouded awareness, dreamlike experiences, and often little memory of what happened.
twilight visionnoun: In this usage, seeing in very low light depends on retinal rods and provides no color discrimination.
twin controlnoun: Researchers compare a twin who experienced a condition with their cotwin who did not, helping account for shared background.
twin studyphrase: A research method compares twins to estimate how much genes and environment influence a trait or disorder.
twinningnoun: Two embryos develop during the same pregnancy within one uterus.
twinsnoun: Two siblings born from the same pregnancy, either from one fertilized egg or two.
twinship transferencenoun: In self psychology, a client experiences their therapist as deeply similar to themselves, supporting feelings of connection and personal worth.
twitchingnoun: Small, repeated muscle contractions that make part of the body move or jerk.
two-by-two contingency tablenoun: A four-cell grid counts observations for every combination of two variables that each have two categories.
two-by-two factorial designnoun: An experiment combines two factors with two levels each, creating four conditions for studying separate and joint effects.
two-by-two tablenoun: A grid with four cells shows counts for the combined categories of two variables, each offering two possibilities.
two-chair techniquenoun: During therapy, a person switches chairs to voice different parts of themselves or an imagined conversation with someone else.
two-dimensional leader behavior spacenoun: The Blake–Mouton model maps leadership using separate ratings for attention to work results and attention to people's needs.
two-factor analysis of variancenoun: A statistical method examines how two factors separately and jointly relate to differences in an outcome's average.
two-factor designnoun: An experiment varies two factors together to study their individual effects and how those effects depend on each other.
two-factor theoryphrase: A model saying a behavior, feeling, or ability comes from two separate causes or processes.
two-factor theory of emotionphrase: Emotions come from noticing body arousal and then using the situation to label that feeling.
two-factor theory of work motivationnoun: Herzberg proposed that meaningful work creates satisfaction, while conditions such as pay and supervision separately influence dissatisfaction.
two-neuron arcnoun: A simple reflex pathway links a sensory neuron directly to a motor neuron through one synapse.
two-parameter modelnoun: An item response model predicts answers from ability using item difficulty and how sharply each question distinguishes between ability levels.
two-person psychologynoun: A relational psychoanalytic view emphasizes how client and therapist together shape understanding through their relationship.
two-plus-two phenomenonnoun: A reasoning error occurs when a conclusion seems so obvious that someone skips checking whether the facts actually support it.
two-point discriminationnoun: A person can distinguish two simultaneous touches on the skin as separate contacts instead of feeling just one.
two-point thresholdnoun: The minimum spacing at which two simultaneous skin contacts feel separate measures the skin's ability to distinguish nearby touches.
two-process model of recallnoun: A proposed memory model separates recall into generating possible answers and checking whether an answer matches what is sought.
two-sample t testnoun: A statistical test uses averages and variability from two independent groups to assess evidence that their population means differ.
two-sample testnoun: A statistical procedure uses data from two samples to assess evidence of a difference between the populations they represent.
two-sided messagenoun: A persuasive message supports one position while also acknowledging opposing arguments, sometimes explaining why they are less convincing.
two-spiritnoun: Some Indigenous North American people use this identity to connect their gender, sexuality, and cultural or spiritual belonging.
two-stage memory theorynoun: A proposed account holds that newly learned information enters brief storage before some of it moves into lasting memory.
two-stage samplingnoun: Researchers first select larger groups from a population, then select smaller units or individuals within those chosen groups.
two-stage stopping rulenoun: A trial uses a planned early results check to decide whether to stop or continue to a final analysis.
two-tailed hypothesisnoun: A prediction says that groups will differ but leaves open which group will score higher or lower.
two-tailed testnoun: A statistical procedure checks for a difference in either direction from what a null hypothesis predicts.
two-way analysis of covariancenoun: A statistical method compares two factors and their combined influence while adjusting for another variable related to the outcome.
two-way analysis of variancenoun: A statistical method tests how two factors separately and together relate to differences in average outcomes.
two-way designnoun: An experiment varies two factors across combinations to examine their separate effects and whether those effects depend on each other.
two-way factorial designnoun: In this usage, an experiment combines two factors with two settings each, producing four conditions.
two-way interactionnoun: The effect of one factor on an outcome changes depending on the setting of a second factor.
two-way tablenoun: A grid shows how often each combination of categories from two variables occurs.
two-word stagenoun: Children begin expressing ideas through pairs of words during a language development period often occurring around 18 to 24 months.
Tylenolnoun: This brand name identifies acetaminophen, a medicine used to ease pain and lower fever.
tympanic cavitynoun: An air-filled space behind the eardrum contains tiny bones that carry sound vibrations toward the inner ear.
tympanic membranenoun: A thin sheet called the eardrum vibrates with sound and passes that movement to tiny hearing bones.
tympanic reflexnoun: An automatic tightening of the tensor tympani muscle changes the eardrum's tension and movement.
tympanometrynoun: A test measures how the eardrum moves as air pressure changes, helping assess middle ear function.
tympanoplastynoun: A surgical procedure repairs the eardrum and sometimes the small bones that pass along sound.
Type 1 diabetesphrase: An autoimmune disease where the pancreas makes little or no insulin, causing high blood sugar.
Type 2 diabetesphrase: A disease where the body resists insulin, causing high blood sugar that can damage nerves and organs.
Type A personalitynoun: A behavior pattern marked by competitiveness, impatience, time pressure, and often hostility, once linked broadly to heart disease.
Type B personalitynoun: A proposed personality pattern describes an easygoing style with relatively little competitiveness, impatience, frustration, or hostility.
Type D personalitynoun: A proposed personality pattern combines frequent unpleasant emotions with holding back feelings or self-expression around other people.
Type I cellnoun: A taste bud cell appears dark under an electron microscope and helps support the surrounding taste cells.
Type I conditioningnoun: Learning occurs when a previously neutral cue becomes able to trigger a response through pairing with something that naturally triggers it.
Type I errorphrase: Mistakenly concluding a real effect exists when the null hypothesis is actually true.
type identity theorynoun: A philosophical proposal holds that each kind of mental state is the same thing as a particular kind of brain state.
Type II cellnoun: A taste bud cell looks pale under an electron microscope and has short surface projections that contact chemicals.
Type II conditioningnoun: Learning occurs when receiving reinforcement depends on performing a particular action, making that action more likely later.
Type II errorphrase: Missing a real effect by wrongly deciding the evidence shows no difference.
Type III cellnoun: A taste bud cell contains small chemical-filled sacs near its base and communicates with nearby nerve fibers.
Type III errornoun: A research mistake occurs when an analysis correctly answers a question different from the one the researcher intended to investigate.
Type IV cellnoun: An immature cell near a taste bud's base is thought to help replace taste cells rather than directly detect tastes.
Type R conditioningnoun: An action is learned through reinforcement that is available only when the learner performs that action.
Type S conditioningnoun: A cue gains the ability to produce a learned response after being paired with something that already produces a natural response.
Type T personalitynoun: A proposed personality pattern describes a strong tendency to seek excitement, intense stimulation, and thrilling experiences.
type theorynoun: A personality theory proposes sorting people into distinct categories based on shared patterns of characteristics.
type-changing plastic surgerynoun: A cosmetic operation changes a feature into a different form instead of restoring its earlier appearance.
type–token distinctionnoun: A conceptual difference separates a general kind of thing from an individual example belonging to that kind.
type–token ratio (TTR)noun: A vocabulary measure divides the count of different words by the total word count in a speech or writing sample.
typical antipsychoticnoun: A medicine from the older, first generation of antipsychotic drugs is used to reduce symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions.
typical schizophrenianoun: A historical label described schizophrenia believed to develop gradually early in life and follow a lasting, worsening course.
typicality effectnoun: People usually recognize familiar, representative examples as category members faster than they recognize less representative examples.
typingnoun: Putting a person or thing into a category based on traits seen as typical.
typologynoun: A way of sorting people or things into types based on traits they share.
tyraminenoun: A food chemical that can sharply raise blood pressure, especially when someone taking MAOI antidepressants eats aged foods.
tyrosinenoun: An amino acid made by the body helps build proteins and supplies material for dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine.
tyrosine hydroxylasenoun: An enzyme converts tyrosine into L-dopa, controlling a key early step in producing dopamine and related chemical messengers.

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